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On Epistemology > Chapter 1 part 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

It’s optional that we care about something, but it’s not optional that we must care about true beliefs about the things we care about. But some carings themselves are not optional, such as ________.

A

morality

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2
Q

Morality is both non optional and is not something we may trade off for other values. We don’t exchange moral values for _________.

A

nonmoral values

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3
Q

If morality’s importance to us is not optional, ___________ in the domain of morality is not optional either

A

conscientious belief

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4
Q

Morality demands that I be epistemically conscientious in __________ that pertain to morality.

A

seeking beliefs

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5
Q

Ship owner sends his ship full of emigrants to sea, believing without evidence that his ship is seaworthy. The ship goes down. The ship owner is morally wrong in being ________.

A

epistemically unconscientious

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6
Q

Ship example supports the thesis that it is morally wrong for anyone to believe anything upon ________.

A

insufficient evidence

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7
Q

According to W.K Clifford every belief is _______.

A

a moral matter

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8
Q

conscientious believing is a matter of basing one’s belief on evidence… this view is called ________

A

evidentialism

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9
Q

the moral demand on the ship owner to be conscientious in his belief depends upon the

A

context

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10
Q

Clifford overstates the connection between morality and evidence and misses the _________ of aspects of conscientiousness other than the weighting of evidence

A

moral relevance

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11
Q

Ship is seaworthy
- no intentions of sending ship to sea and doing it for tax deduction or to brag in bar to friend
wrongdoing is less than sending ship out with emigrants because the ______ demand on him is less

A

moral demand

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12
Q

Clifford misses the importance of context and the moral importance of _________ other than evidence

A

epistemic goods

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13
Q

intellectual credulity is a _________ whether or not it has tragic results

A

moral failing

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14
Q

There are beliefs we will never act upon and neither will anyone else, so a failure of conscientiousness in these beliefs does not seem to be _________.

A

a moral failing

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15
Q

William James gave an objection to Clifford in his essay “The Will to Believe.” He observed that the passion to _____ and the passion to _____ are two distinct passions that lead to different strategies.

A

to get truth, to avoid falsehood

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16
Q

The passion to get truth leads to more ______ than the passion to avoid falsehood.

A

risk-taking

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17
Q

One can ensure that one has no false beliefs by ________ and making sure that what one does believe satisfies the most stringent standards.

A

believing very few things

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18
Q

When making sure one avoids false beliefs this also happens

A

one foregoes many true beliefs

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19
Q

The passion to get truth will lead one to have more beliefs, some of which may be ______.

A

false

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20
Q

Clifford’s ________ principle arises out of a passion to avoid ______ rather than the passion to _______.

A

evidentialist, falsehood, get truth

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21
Q

Neither one’s falsehood avoiding or truth seeking passion should dictate one’s entire __________ life.

A

belief-forming

22
Q

Conscientiousness in belief has two aspects. 1. there is a demand to be conscientious in whatever beliefs we have domains we _______. 2) there is a demand to acquire ________ beliefs in those domains.

A

care about, conscientious

23
Q

The requirement we be conscientious in the beliefs we have is a principle of ______.

A

safety

24
Q

The second requirement that we obtain beliefs in the areas we care about is a principle of ____.

A

risk

25
Q

The two demands of conscientiousness pull us in ______ directions.

A

opposing

26
Q

If we are _______ in our beliefs, we may end up not having enough true beliefs about important matters that lead to a good life.

A

too careful

27
Q

If our standards for conscientiousness are too stringent, we would have to adopt _______ about questions such as Is there a God? Is there a purpose in the universe? Do humans have free will? Is a human being the same thing as a physical body? What kind of life should I wish for my children?

A

agnosticism

28
Q

Acts can be ________ at least partly because they are based on epistemically unjustified beliefs.

A

morally unjustified

29
Q

There are epistemic demands in ____ roles.

A

social

30
Q

There are epistemic demands in ____ roles.

A

social

31
Q

A jurist in a litigation case has an obligation to reach a decision conscientiously whether or not __________ and whether or not the case involves something within the domain of _______.

A

he cares about the case, morality

32
Q

We commit ourselves to follow ______ by being human.

A

epistemic norms

33
Q

Morality, our social roles, and the things we personally care about all put __________ on us that apply to almost everything we believe or not believe but should believe.

A

epistemic demands

34
Q

What Frankfurt means by bullshit is speech that does not show ____________.

A

a proper concern for the truth

35
Q

What is wrong with bullshit is not that it is false, but that the bullshitter _____________.

A

misrepresents what he’s up to

36
Q

An implied rule of ________ is that you say what you have good reason to believe is true.

A

communication

37
Q

The liar is capable of telling the truth, but chooses not to. But the bullshitter __________ to say what he really thinks is the case.

A

loses the capacity

38
Q

Frankfurt says bullshit is inevitable whenever people are required by circumstances to speak about ______________.

A

something without knowing what they’re talking about

39
Q

bullshit undermines confidence that there is such a thing as ________

A

objective truth

40
Q

with bullshit there is a shift from the ideal of truth-telling to the idea of ____

A

sincerity

41
Q

the accurate representation of oneself

A

sincerity

42
Q

with bullshit there is a shift from the ideal of truth-telling to the ideal of sincerity - the accurate representation of oneself, rather than ______________

A

the accurate representation of what we take reality to be

43
Q

Frankfurt: we cannot know ourselves without knowing _______

A

the world

44
Q

For Frankfurt, sincerity is ______.

A

bullshit

45
Q

Bullshit is connected with _______. Both are a kind of _____.

A

hypocrisy, bluffing

46
Q

the hypocrite is someone who wants people to think he is _________ when he’s not

A

a morally admirable person

47
Q

The bullshitter wants people to think he cares about ___ when he does not

A

truth

48
Q

Frankfurt: the bullshitter is not concerned with the truth; he is concerned with ____________.

A

what other people think of him

49
Q

epistemology is the study of the things we ______ in our beliefs and the ways we __________ to believe because of other things we ________.

A

care about, commit ourselves, care about

50
Q

an important object of epistemological inquiry is

A

conscientious belief

51
Q

the degree of demand to be conscientious depends upon the level __________.

A

at which we care

52
Q

this is a threat to conscientious belief

A

skepticism

On Epistemology (3 decks)

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