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On Epistemology > Chapter 1 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the philosophical study of knowing and other desirable ways of believing and attempting to find the truth

A

epistemology

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2
Q

the view that we are locked inside our own minds

A

solipsism

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3
Q

three questions of epistemology

A

What is knowledge? Is knowledge possible? How do we get knowledge?

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4
Q

knowledge is the product of _______ interaction with the world when all goes as it should

A

cognitive interaction

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5
Q

ancient and medieval philosophers began with ______ before doing epistemology

A

metaphysics

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6
Q

epistemology can look very different when you start with one of these questions rather than the other

A

What is knowledge?

How do we get knowledge?

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7
Q

the central feature of knowledge is that it is a state that puts us in _____________.

A

cognitive contact with reality

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8
Q

features of knowledge

1) knowing is a relation between _______ and an ______, where the ______ is some portion of reality.

A

subject, object, object

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9
Q

features of knowledge

2) The relation between a conscious subject and object is _______. The subject ____, not just _____ or _____ the object.

A

cognitive, thinks, senses, feels

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10
Q

features of knowledge

3) Knowing includes _______.

A

believing

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11
Q

St. Augustine defined believing as thinking with _____.

A

assent

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12
Q

Thinking is a state that has an _____.

A

object

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13
Q

Thinking is a state that has an _____.

A

object

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14
Q

When we know, there is an _________ to which we assent.

A

object of thought

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15
Q

The object of thought to which we assent is called a ______.

A

proposition

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16
Q

features of knowledge

5) The object of knowledge is a ________.

A

proposition

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17
Q

a proposition is at the object end of a ____________.

A

knowing relation

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18
Q

epistemology focuses mostly on the _____ end of the relation and the ______ relation itself.

A

subject, knowing

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19
Q

a proposition has _______ form

A

syntactical

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20
Q

a proposition is the ________ of the sentence

A

content

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21
Q

The information we get from a sentence is its _____.

A

proposition

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22
Q

Example of how two different sentences can express the same proposition

A

The exam is tomorrow, said on Tuesday

The exam was yesterday, said on Thursday

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23
Q

Example of the same sentence having different propositions.

A

The exam is tomorrow, said on Tuesday

The exam is tomorrow, said on Wednesday

24
Q

T/F Every proposition can be an object of knowledge

A

False

25
Q

Knowledge is limited to the domain of _____ propositions.

A

True

26
Q

features of knowledge

5) The object of knowledge is a ________.

A

true proposition

27
Q

You cannot know a proposition that isn’t ____. You might believe a false proposition and it might seem to you that you know it but you don’t.

A

true

28
Q

All knowing is believing, but not all believing is _____.

A

knowing

29
Q

The objects of knowledge are limited to what is ____.

A

true

30
Q

I believe a that a plum tree is growing in my yard, but if it isn’t a plum tree I cannot ______ what it is.

A

know

31
Q

Some believing is not knowing because it is directed at __________.

A

a false proposition

32
Q

Even thought most philosophers agree that knowledge is directed at true propositions, they also agree that this is not exactly true since there is ___________ knowledge

A

nonpropositional

33
Q

One can have _________ knowledge of other persons, oneself, one’s mental states, objects in one’s environment which one knows by direct experience rather than through testimony or inference from other things one knows

A

nonpropositional

34
Q

most epistemologists choose to ignore nonpropositional knowledge for at least 2 reasons:

A

1) difficult to analyze and hard to say anything about it that adds to our understanding of it
2) it is so different from propositional knowledge that it needs separate treatment

35
Q

Not all knowledge is _________.

A

propositional

36
Q

To know is to believe _______ in _______.

A

a true proposition, a good way

37
Q

two epistemic values that have dominated philosophy at different times in history

A

understanding and certainty

38
Q

Plato comes very close to identifying knowledge with _______.

A

understanding

39
Q

Descartes comes very close to identifying knowledge with _____.

A

certainty

40
Q

We have been in a skeptical period for almost 400 years. Skeptical periods are accompanied by the concern for _______ and the process of ________belief.

A

certainty, belief

41
Q

this is what is needed to defend the right to be sure

A

justification

42
Q

nonskeptical periods have been mostly concerned with

_______ and the questions accompanying it show little concern for _______ but instead _______ .

A

understanding, justification, explanation

43
Q

the difference in focus on certainty and the focus on understanding affects this

A

the way knowledge is defined

44
Q

Eras in which certainty was the dominant value and skepticism wa treated in full seriousness, knowledge was defined as

A

believing a true proposition in a justified way

45
Q

logos means

A

an account or explanation

46
Q

from the point of view of the value of understanding, knowledge would not be a state of assenting to a __________.

A

discrete proposition

47
Q

Rather than to know exclusively through objects with the structure of sentences, one could kow through other kinds of structures, such as

A

maps, graphs, diagrams, models & other forms that might not involve representations. What happens when we understand a work of art, music, the psychological structure of a character in a novel, a theory in physics.

48
Q

Would it be accurate to say that what we know is reducible to a list of propositions?

A

Author finds this dubious

49
Q

Contemporary epistemology has suffered by ignoring the value of ______.

A

understanding

50
Q

understanding is connected with __________ knowledge

A

nonpropositional

51
Q

Richard Rorty proclaimed this about epistemology

A

epistemology is dead

52
Q

the history of modern epistemology makes sense to read as the history of this

A

responses to skepticism

53
Q

Knowing is the only way to have a belief. T/F

A

False. There are others.

54
Q

Epistemology is the study of the right or good ways to

A

cognitively grasp reality

55
Q

knowledge, understanding, certainty, reasonableness, intellectual virtue are examples of

A

epistemic goods

On Epistemology (3 decks)

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