CHAPTER 1(P2)

Question 1

Scientific Research

Answer 1

about trying to determine facts, reducing uncertainty & bias and promoting scientific thinking

Question 2

Critical Thinking

Answer 2

making reasoned judgements about claims

Question 3

Four basic criteria for critical thinking

Answer 3

1. there are very few “truths” that do not need to be subjected to testing
2. all evidence is not equal in quality
3. Just because someone is an authority does not make everything that person claims automatically true
4. Require open mind

Question 4

Scientific Approach

Answer 4

system of gathering data so that bias & error in measurement are reduced

1.description
2.explanation
3.prediction
4.control

Question 5

Steps in the scientific approach

Answer 5

1.Perceive the question
2.form a hypothesis
3.test the hypothesis
4.draw conclusions
5.report your results

Question 6

DISADVANTEGES of Naturalistic observation

Answer 6

• observer effect
• observer bias
• each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hols

Question 7

Experiment

Answer 7

Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships

Question 8

Operationalization

Answer 8

specific definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

eg- definition of aggresive play

Question 9

Importance of randomization

Answer 9

• controls for confounding variables

Question 10

Placebo

Answer 10

-expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior

Question 11

Experimenter effect

Answer 11

Tendency of experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence results of a study