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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

0
Q

Define Physiology.

A

The science of body functions of the body parts – individually and collectively.

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1
Q

Define Anatomy.

A

The science of structure and the relationships among structures.

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2
Q

Describe the Chemical Level.

A

Atoms and molecules.

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3
Q

Describe the Cellular Level.

A

Cells containing organelles are the basic structural and functional units of an organism, so they are considered to be the basic unit of life.

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4
Q

Describe the Tissue Level.

A

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a common function. There are four basic types: epithelieal, connective, muscular, and nervous.

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5
Q

Describe the Organ Level.

A

Organs are groups of tissues performing a common function. They have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

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6
Q

Describe the System Level.

A

Systems consist of related organs that have a common function.

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7
Q

Describe the Organismal Level.

A

The combination of all the systems of the body.

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8
Q

List the structural organization of the human body from highest to lowest level of organization.

A

Organism, System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical.

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9
Q

Define the Integumentary System and its function.

A

The skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands. It gives protection, helps with sensation, and regulates body temperature.

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10
Q

Define the Skeletal System and its function.

A

Bones, their cartilage, joints. It supports the body, assists in movement, and produces blood cells.

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11
Q

Define the Muscular System and its function.

A

The skeletal muscles. It helps with movement.

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12
Q

Define the Nervous System and its function.

A

The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It regulates body activities by nerve impulses.

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13
Q

Define the Endocrine System and its function.

A

Hormone producing glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas. It regulates body activities through hormones.

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14
Q

Define the Cardiovascular System and its function.

A

The blood, heart, and blood vessels. It distributes materials to cells, collects wastes from cells, regulates body temperature, and protects against disease.

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15
Q

Define the Lymphatic System and its function.

A

The lymph, lymphatics, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, and thymus. it returns tissue fluid to the blood, and produces immunity structures and agents.

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16
Q

Define the Respiratory System and its function.

A

The lungs and associated pathways. It supplies oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

Define the Digestive System and its function.

A

The gastrointestinal tract from mouth to stomach to anus and associated organs – liver, teeth, and pancreas. It helps with physical and chemical breakdown of food, and helps with absorption of food.

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18
Q

Define the Urinary System and its function.

A

The Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. It helps regulate the composition of the blood, and removes wastes.

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19
Q

Define the Reproductive System and its function.

A

Organs (ovaries and testes that produce sperm and ova; oviducts, uterus, and vagina in females; penis and sperm duct in males. Help to reproduce the individual, and produce sex hormones.

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20
Q

Define Metabolism.

A

The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

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21
Q

Define Anabolism and Catabolism.

A

“building” and “tearing down”

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22
Q

Define Responsiveness.

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment.

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23
Q

Define Movement.

A

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or parts of cells.

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24
Define Growth.
Increase in size from increasing the size of existing cells, the number of cells or the amount of material around cells.
25
Define Differentiation.
Changing of a cell from an unspecialized one to a specialized one.
26
Define Reproduction.
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.
27
Define Homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintaining a stable environment within the body. It ensures that the body's internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body.
28
Explain the importance of Homeostasis.
It maintains adequate nutrients and oxygen levels for body cells to flourish, and it keeps interstitial fluid (fluid around body cells) at a proper temperature.
29
Homeostasis is dynamic. Define Dynamic.
It means Homeostasis can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life processes.
30
Define the Feedback System.
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changes, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.
31
Define Receptor (part of the Feedback System).
Monitors changes (variables) in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.
32
Define Control Center (part of the Feedback System).
Evaluates input form the receptor and sends output to the effector.
33
Define Effector (part of the Feedback System).
Receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
34
Define the Negative Feedback System.
Reverses a change in a controlled condition (variable,) bringing it back to normal. Most feedback systems in the body are negative. This is the process that maintains homeostasis, like blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and body temperature.
35
Define the Positive Feedback System.
Strengthens a change in a controlled condition (variable). It is shut off by some type of outside force. Examples include childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting.
36
Define Disorder.
Abnormality of structure/function.
37
Define Disease.
Specific illness determined by signs and symptoms.
38
Define Symptoms and give an example.
Subjective changes not observable form outside (i.e., headache).
39
Define Signs and give an example.
Measurable observable changes (i.e., swelling, rash).
40
Define Diagnosis.
The identification of a disease or disorder based on a scientific evaluation of the patient's signs and symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and sometimes data from laboratory tests.
41
Define Epidemiology.
Name the science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a defined human population.
42
Define the Anatomical Position.
Subject is standing erect, facing the observer, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms forward.
43
Anatomical term for the head.
Cephalic.
44
Anatomical term for the skull.
Cranial
45
Anatomical term for the face.
Facial.
46
Anatomical term for the forehead.
Frontal.
47
Anatomical term for the eye.
Orbital.
48
Anatomical term for the ear.
Otic.
49
Anatomical term for the cheaks.
Buccal.
50
Anatomical term for the nose.
Nasal.
51
Anatomical term for the mouth.
Oral.
52
Anatomical term for the chin.
Mental.
53
Anatomical term for the neck.
Cervical.
54
Anatomical term for the chest.
Thoracic.
55
Anatomical term for the breast.
Mammary.
56
Anatomical term for the navel.
Umbilical.
57
Anatomical term for the hip.
Coxal.
58
Anatomical term for the groin.
Inguinal.
59
Anatomical term for the pubis.
Pubic.
60
Anatomical term for the back.
Dorsal.
61
Anatomical term for the lower back.
Lumbar.
62
Anatomical term for the shoulder.
Acromial.
63
Anatomical term for the buttock.
Gluteal.
64
Anatomical term for the armpit.
Axillary.
65
Anatomical term for the arm.
Brachial.
66
Anatomical term for the front of the elbow.
Antecubital.
67
Anatomical term for the back of the elbow.
Olecranol.
68
Anatomical term for the forearm.
Antebrachial.
69
Anatomical term for the wrist.
Carpal.
70
Anatomical term for the palm.
Metacarpal.
71
Anatomical term for the fingers.
Digital or Phalangeal.
72
Anatomical term for the hand.
Manual.
73
Anatomical term for the thumb.
Pollex.
74
Anatomical term for the anterior surface of the hand.
Palmar.
75
Anatomical term for the posterior surface of the hand.
Dorsal.
76
Anatomical term for the thigh.
Femoral.
77
Anatomical term for the front of the knee.
Patellar.
78
Anatomical term for the back of the knee.
Popliteal.
79
Anatomical term for the leg.
Crural.
80
Anatomical term for the calf.
Srural.
81
Anatomical term for the ankle.
Tarsal.
82
Anatomical term for the foot.
Pedal.
83
Anatomical term for the heel.
Calcaneal.
84
Anatomical term for the toes.
Digital or Phalangeal.
85
Anatomical term for the sole.
Plantar.
86
Anatomical term for the big toe.
Hallux.
87
Anatomical term for the top of the foot.
Dorsal.
88
Directional term for toward the head or head end.
Superior - (cranial, cephalic)
89
Directional term away from the head end.
Inferior - (caudal)
90
Directional term toward the front of the body.
Anterior - (ventral)
91
Directional term towards the back of the body.
Posterior - (dorsal)
92
Directional term toward the midline.
Medial.
93
Directional term farther from the midline.
Lateral.
94
Directional term nearer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Proximal.
95
Directional term farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Distal.
96
Directional term toward or near the surface of the body.
Superficial.
97
Directional term away from the surface of the body.
Deep.
98
Define Planes.
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.
99
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
Sagittal.
100
Plane that divides into equal right and left sides.
Midsagittal (median) Plane.
101
Plane that divides into unequal right and left halves.
Parasagittal Plane.
102
A plane that divides the body or and organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Frontal (coronal).
103
a plane that divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Transverse (cross section, horizontal).
104
A plane that passes through the body or and organ at an angle.
Oblique.
105
The Dorsal Body Cavity includes...
the Cranial Cavity and the Vertebral (spinal) Cavity.
106
Describe the Cranial Cavity.
Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.
107
Describe the Vertebral (spinal) Cavity.
Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
108
The Ventral Body Cavity includes...
The Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
109
Describe the Thoracic Cavity.
Chest cavity the contains the Pericardial Cavity, Pleural Cavities, and the Mediastinum.
110
Describe the Pericardial Cavity.
Fluid-filled space around the heart.
111
Describe the Pleural Cavities.
Two spaces, each surrounding a lung.
112
Describe the Mediastinum.
Middle between the lungs; it contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
113
What separates the Thoracic Cavity from the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
The Diaphragm.
114
Describe the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and contains 2 portions: the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity.
115
Describe the Abdominal Cavity.
Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
116
Describe the Pelvic Cavity.
Contains the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs, some of the large intestine.
117
Define Geriatrics.
The science that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons.
118
Define Pathalogy.
The science that deals with the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that diseases produce.
119
Define pharmacology.
The science that deals with effects and use of drugs in the treatment of disease.
120
Define the Median Plane.
The midline plane dividing the body into left/right halves.
121
Define the Sagittal Plane.
The plane dividing the body into unequal left and right parts and parallel to the median plane. The terms medial and lateral relate to this plane.
122
Define the Coronal, Frontal Plane
The plane dividing the body into equal/unequal front and back parts. The terms anterior/posterior relate to this plane.
123
Define Transverse, Cross Horizontal Planes.
The horizontal plane divides the body into upper (cranial) and lower (caudal) parts. Cross/transverse sections are perpendicular to the long axis of the body or other structure and may not be horizontal.
124
Define the Cranial, Superior anatomical direction/position.
These terms refer to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body.
125
Define the Caudal, Inferior anatomical direction/postion.
These terms refer to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body.
126
Define the Anterior, Ventral anatomical direction/position.
These terms refer to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body.
127
Define the Posterior, Dorsal anatomical direction/position.
These terms refer to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body.
128
Define the Medial anatomical direction/postion.
This term refers to a structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body.
129
Define the Lateral anatomical direction/position.
This term refers to a structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body.
130
Define the Proximal anatomical direction/position.
Employed with reference to the limbs only, this term refers to a structure being closer to the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb. Such a structure would ordinarily be superior to the other.
131
Define the Distal anatomical direction/position.
Employed with reference to the limbs only, this refers to a structure being further away from the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in that limb. Such a structure would ordinarily be inferior to the other.
132
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Physiology (2 decks)

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