Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Define Physiology.
The science of body functions of the body parts – individually and collectively.
Define Anatomy.
The science of structure and the relationships among structures.
Describe the Chemical Level.
Atoms and molecules.
Describe the Cellular Level.
Cells containing organelles are the basic structural and functional units of an organism, so they are considered to be the basic unit of life.
Describe the Tissue Level.
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a common function. There are four basic types: epithelieal, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Describe the Organ Level.
Organs are groups of tissues performing a common function. They have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Describe the System Level.
Systems consist of related organs that have a common function.
Describe the Organismal Level.
The combination of all the systems of the body.
List the structural organization of the human body from highest to lowest level of organization.
Organism, System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical.
Define the Integumentary System and its function.
The skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands. It gives protection, helps with sensation, and regulates body temperature.
Define the Skeletal System and its function.
Bones, their cartilage, joints. It supports the body, assists in movement, and produces blood cells.
Define the Muscular System and its function.
The skeletal muscles. It helps with movement.
Define the Nervous System and its function.
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It regulates body activities by nerve impulses.
Define the Endocrine System and its function.
Hormone producing glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas. It regulates body activities through hormones.
Define the Cardiovascular System and its function.
The blood, heart, and blood vessels. It distributes materials to cells, collects wastes from cells, regulates body temperature, and protects against disease.
Define the Lymphatic System and its function.
The lymph, lymphatics, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, and thymus. it returns tissue fluid to the blood, and produces immunity structures and agents.
Define the Respiratory System and its function.
The lungs and associated pathways. It supplies oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
Define the Digestive System and its function.
The gastrointestinal tract from mouth to stomach to anus and associated organs – liver, teeth, and pancreas. It helps with physical and chemical breakdown of food, and helps with absorption of food.
Define the Urinary System and its function.
The Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. It helps regulate the composition of the blood, and removes wastes.
Define the Reproductive System and its function.
Organs (ovaries and testes that produce sperm and ova; oviducts, uterus, and vagina in females; penis and sperm duct in males. Help to reproduce the individual, and produce sex hormones.
Define Metabolism.
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Define Anabolism and Catabolism.
“building” and “tearing down”
Define Responsiveness.
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment.
Define Movement.
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or parts of cells.
Define Growth.
Increase in size from increasing the size of existing cells, the number of cells or the amount of material around cells.
Define Differentiation.
Changing of a cell from an unspecialized one to a specialized one.
Define Reproduction.
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.
Define Homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintaining a stable environment within the body. It ensures that the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body.
Explain the importance of Homeostasis.
It maintains adequate nutrients and oxygen levels for body cells to flourish, and it keeps interstitial fluid (fluid around body cells) at a proper temperature.
Homeostasis is dynamic. Define Dynamic.
It means Homeostasis can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life processes.
Define the Feedback System.
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changes, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.
Define Receptor (part of the Feedback System).
Monitors changes (variables) in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.
Define Control Center (part of the Feedback System).
Evaluates input form the receptor and sends output to the effector.
Define Effector (part of the Feedback System).
Receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
Define the Negative Feedback System.
Reverses a change in a controlled condition (variable,) bringing it back to normal. Most feedback systems in the body are negative. This is the process that maintains homeostasis, like blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and body temperature.
Define the Positive Feedback System.
Strengthens a change in a controlled condition (variable). It is shut off by some type of outside force. Examples include childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting.
Define Disorder.
Abnormality of structure/function.
Define Disease.
Specific illness determined by signs and symptoms.
Define Symptoms and give an example.
Subjective changes not observable form outside (i.e., headache).
Define Signs and give an example.
Measurable observable changes (i.e., swelling, rash).
Define Diagnosis.
The identification of a disease or disorder based on a scientific evaluation of the patient’s signs and symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and sometimes data from laboratory tests.
Define Epidemiology.
Name the science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a defined human population.
Define the Anatomical Position.
Subject is standing erect, facing the observer, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms forward.
Anatomical term for the head.
Cephalic.
Anatomical term for the skull.
Cranial
Anatomical term for the face.
Facial.
Anatomical term for the forehead.
Frontal.
Anatomical term for the eye.
Orbital.
Anatomical term for the ear.
Otic.
Anatomical term for the cheaks.
Buccal.
Anatomical term for the nose.
Nasal.
Anatomical term for the mouth.
Oral.
Anatomical term for the chin.
Mental.
