Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of the Body Flashcards
Integumentary System Function
Is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals
prevents excessive water loss
Integumentary system Organs
skin, subcutaneous tissue
Skeletal System Function
supports body
protects internal organs and red bone marrow
provides a framework to be moved by muscles
Skeletal System Organs
bones
ligaments
Muscular System Function
moves the skeleton
produces heat
Muscular System Organs
muscles
tendons
Nervous System Function
Interprets sensory information and decides how to use it
regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses
Nervous System Organs
brain spinal cord nerves eyes ears
Endocrine System Function
regulates body function such as growth and reproductions by means of hormones
regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones
Endocrine System Organs
thyroid gland pituitary gland ovaries testes pancrease
Circulatory System Function
transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products
Circulatory System Organs
heart
blood
arteries
veins
Lymphatic System Functions
returns tissue fluid to the blood
destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity
Lymphatic System Organs
spleen
lymph nodes
thymus gland
Respiratory System Function
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood
Respiratory System Organs
lungs
trachea
larynx
diaphragm
Digestive System Functions
changes food into simple chemical that can be absorbed and used by the body
Digestive System Organs
stomach
colon
liver
pancreas
Urinary System Function
removes waste products from the blood
regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid
Urinary System Organs
kidneys
urinary bladder
urethra
Reproductive System Function
produces eggs or sperm
In women, provides a site for the developing embryo-fetus
Reproductive System Organs
female: ovaries, uterus
male: testes prostate gland
Antebrachial
forearm
Antecubital
front of elbow
Axillary
armpit
brachial
upper arm
buccal (oral)
mouth
cardiac
heart
cervical
neck
cranial
head
cutaneous
skin
deltoid
shoulder
femoral
thigh
frontal
forehead
gastric
stomach
gluteal
buttocks
hepatic
liver
iliac
hip
inguinal
groin
lumbar
small of back
mammary
breast
nasal
nose
occipital
back of head
orbital
eye
parietal
crown of head
patellar
kneecap
pectoral
chest
pedal
foot
perineal
pelvic floor
plantar
sole of foot
popliteal
back of knee
pulmonary
lungs
renal
kidney
sacral
base of spine
scapular
shoulder blade
sternal
breastbone
temporal
side of head
umiblical
navel
volar (palmar)
palm
superior
above or higher
inferior
below or lower
anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
ventral
toward the front
dorsal
toward the back
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
internal
within, interior to
external
outside or exterior to
superficial
toward the surface
deep
within or interior to
central
the main part
peripheral
extending from the main part
proximal
closer to the origin
distal
farther from the origin
parietal
pertaining to the wall of the cavity
visceral
pertaining to the organs within a cavity
Frontal section
a plane from side to side separates the bod into front and back portions
sagittal section
a plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions. A midsagittal section creates equal right and left halves
cross section
a plan perpendicular to the long axis of an organ. A cross section of the small intestine would look like a circle with the cavity as the center
longitudinal section
a plane along the long axis of an organ
tansverse section
a horizontal plane separates the body into upper and lower portions
quandrants
a transverse plane and midsagittal plane divide the abdomen into four quadrants
nine areas
upper areas - above the lower level of the rib cartilages are the left hypochrondriac, epigastric and right hypochondraic.
middle areas - the left lumbar, umbilical, and right lumbar
lower areas- below the level of the top of the pelvic bone are the left iliac, hypogastric, and right iliac
Define Anatomy
the study of structure
Define Physiology
the study of function
Define Pathophysiology
the study of disorders or functioning
Levels of organization
chemical - Cells - organs - organ systems - person -
chemical
inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living.
The body is a container of chemicals
cells
the smallest living unites of the body
tissues - groups of cells with similar structure and function
organs
groups of tissues that contribute to specific function
organ systems
groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions
Person
all the organ systems functioning properly
Metabolism
is the sum of all of the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body.
metabolic rate
the amount of energy and heat produced per unit of time.
homeostasis
is a state of good health maintained by the normal meabolism
negative feedback mechanism
a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again
positive feedback mechanism
a control system that requires an external interruption or brake. has the potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore, is rare in the body
Cranial cavity contains
the brain
spinal cavity contains
the spinal cord
thoracic cavity contains
lungs and heart; the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity contains
the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
abdominal cavity
many organs including: stomach, liver, intestines
Pleural membranes
line the chest wall and cover the lungs
pericardial membranes
surround the heart
peritoneum
lines the abdominal cavity
mesentery
covers the abdominal organs
explain anatomical position
standing straight with arms down and palms facing forward.
meninges
membranes that line the cranial and spinal cavities that cover the brain and spinal cord
microbiota
a population of microorganisms that resides on or in everybody and contributes to the normal function of the human process
normal flora
bacteria that produces vitamins, inhibits growth of pathogens, and have other beneficial functions
microbiome
a community of microorganisms, an ecosystem, a specific environment and all of its flora, many such communities in humans, such as the skin, oral cavity, or colon
epithelial tissue
cover or line body surface; outer layer of skin and sweat glands
connective tissue
connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials. examples- blood, bone cartilage, and adipose tissue
muscle tissue
are specialized for contraction which brings movement. found in organs such as urinary bladder and stomach
nerve tissue
specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate the body function. found in brain and optic nerve
inorganic chemicals
simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon examples, h2O, oxygen, and carbon dioxide (CO2)
organic chemicals
always contain the elements carbon and hydrogen
examples - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acides
