chapter 1- organic chemistry Flashcards
differentaition
the specialization of cells to perform particular functions
cytology
study of cells
organ level
two or more tissues working together to perform several
functions
nervous system
directs the immediate response to stimuli by coordinating activities of other organ systems
integumentary system(skin)
protection against the environment and assistance in controlling the body
homeostasis(“unchanging sameness”)
maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the human body
effector
the cell or organ that responds to direction from the control center to oppose or enhance the stimulus
cephalic region
head
antebrachial region
forearm
plantar region
sole of foot
where the right leg attaches to the body of abdominalpelvic region
right inguinal region
toes are WHAT to the knee
distal
skin is WHAT to muscles
superficial
mediastinum
material that serves as a division between the pleural cavities(pericardial cavity is located within it)
responsiveness(adaption)
long term change
growth and differentiation
specialization of cells
movement
internal(body) and external(environment)
metabolism and excretion
building and breaking of molecules
anatomy
study of internal and external structure of the body- “form”
physiology
study of organism performing functions- “function”
human anatomy and physiology
study of form and function of the human body
levels of organization in the body
-chemical/molecular level
-cellular level
-tissue level
-organ level
-organ system level
-organism(human) level
chemical/molecular level
-atoms: smallest stable unit of matter, form molecules
-the shape of molecules determines the function
cellular level
-molecules form organelles
-each type of organelle performs a specific function
-organelles together make up a cell
tissue level
group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
organ system level
involves the interaction of multiple organs to achieve common goals (11 organ systems)
organism(human) level
organ systems working together to maintain the life and health of the body
skeletal system(bones)
provides support, protects, tissues, stores minerals, and makes blood
muscular system
produces movement and locomotion, provides support, and generates heat
nervous system
directs the immediate response to stimuli by coordinating activities of other organ systems
endocrine system
directs long term changes in other organ systems via hormones
cardiovascular(heart) system
transports cells and dissolved materials including wastes and gases
lymphatic system
defends against infection and disease, and returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
respiratory (lungs) system
delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood
digestive (stomach/esophagus) system
processes food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste products
urinary(kidney) system
eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
reproductive(uterus/testes) system
produces sex cells and hormones
extrinsic regulation
result from nervous and endocrine systems(from outside environment)
receptor
sensor that detects stimuli
control/integration center
receives and processes info
negative feedback (do it whole life and most common in homeostasis
-effector opposes stimulus
- ex: too hot=sweating & too cold=shiver to heat
positive feedback
-effector enhances stimulus
-ex: blood clotting & contractions
anatomical position
supine(face up) and prone(face down)
cervical region
neck
thoracic region
chest
brachial region
arm
carpal region
wrist
manual region
hand
abdominal region(supine)
belly
lumbar region(prone)
lower
gluteal region
butt
pelvic region
hips
pubic region
anterior pelvis
inguinal region
groin
femoral region
thigh
crual region
front leg
sural region
calf
tarsal region
ankle
pedal region
top of foot
abdominalpelvic region
trunk of body
epigastric(abdominalpelvic)
above stomach
umbilical(abdominalpelvic)
belly button
hypogastric(abdominalpelvic)
below stomach
hypochondriac(abdominalpe-lvic)
upper abdomen
lumbar(abdominalpelvic)
where abdomen ends and pelvis begins
inguinal(abdominalpelvic)
lateral to hypogastric region and umbilical region
anterior direction
front
posterior direction
back(behind)
ventral direction
belly side
dorsal direction
back (spine)
cranial direction
head
caudal direction
tail
superior direction
above(hyper)
inferior direction
below(hypo)
medial direction
toward center
lateral direction
away from center
proximal direction
near point of attachment (arms/legs)
distal direction
away from the point of attachment(arms/legs)
superficial direction
at surface
deep direction
farther from surface
transverse plane
-cross-section
-superior and inferior
frontal/coronal plane
-parallel(long)
-anterior and posterior
sagittal plane
-parallel to long axis
-right and left
body cavities
-vital organs suspended in chambers
-protect organs & permit changes in size/shape of organs
two major body cavities
dorsal and ventral
dorsal cavity
holds cranial cavity(brain) & spinal cavity(spinal cord)
ventral cavity
divide diaphragm into thoracic cavity(heart/lung) & abdominalpelvic cavity(guts-viscera)
visceral serosa
surrounds organs
parietal serosa
surrounds lines cavity
thoracic cavity
-left & right pleural cavity
-visceral pleura cover lungs
-parietal pleura lines cavity
pericardial cavity
-holds heart
-visceral pericardium covers the heart
-parietal pericardium lines cavity
mediastinum contains:
-pericardial cavity(heart)
-esophagus
-trachea
-thymus
abdominopelvic (peritoneal) cavity
-anything contained in the peritoneum serosa
-if outside peritoneum=retroperitoneal
peritoneal cavity contains:
-liver
-stomach
-spleen
-small intestines
-most of the large intestines
retroperitoneal contains:
kidney & pancreas
pelvic cavity
-retroperitoneal: inferior large intestine, inferior urinary bladder & some reproductive organs
-peritoneal: superior urinary bladder, ovaries & uterus
