Chapter 1- Org And Ant Flashcards
What is the order of the levels of organization?
- Atom
- Molecules
- Organelle
- Cellular level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System
- Organism
Organelles
Small Subcellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, etc) that perform specific functions for the cell as a whole
Cell
Smallest unit of life
Tissue
are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function. Four primary tissue types interweave to form the “fabric” of the body. These basic tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Organ
A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is common) that performs a specific function for the body.
Organ system
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ systern. For example, the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system circulate blood continu- ously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells
Organism
the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Carbohydrates
Act as identity molecules
• Allow cells to recognize “who is who,• e.g.,
during development so cells can sort themselves into tissues and organs
• Allow immune cells to recognize “friend” (ou r own cells) or “toe• (a pathogen)
• Are found only on the outer surface of the
membrane, like the sugar-coating on breakfast cereal. Together, the carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form a coating called the glycocalyx
Lipids
Phospholipids
• Form basic structure
of the membrane • Hydrophobic tails
prevent water-soluble substances from crossing, forming a boundary
Cholesterol
• Stiffens membrane
• Further decreases water solubility of membrane
Proteins
-Determine what functions the membrane can perform
• Many roles, e.g., transport, communication (acting as receptors for signal molecules), and joining cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix
Enzyme
Lower Activation energy speeding up the reaction.
They are proteins
A membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution.
A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated (left to right) here.
lntegumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands. Organs: Hair Skin Nails
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use
to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Organs:
Bones
Joint
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat
Organ:
Skeletal muscle
Nervous System
As the last-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Organ:
Brain
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Organ: Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Thymus Pancreas Testis
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood Organs: Heart Blood Vessels
Lymphatic System/ Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Organs: Red Bone Marrow Thymus Lymphatic Vessels Thoracic Duct Spleen Lymph Nodes
Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Organs: Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Organs: Oral Cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Organs: Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring.Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce
milk to nourish the newborn.
Female Organs: Mammary Glands (in breasts) Ovary Uterus Uterine Vagina
Male Organs: Prostate Ductus Deferens Penis Testis Scrotum
Planes/Sections
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Sagittarius Plane
- Divides body vertically into right and left parts
- Produces a Sagittarius section if cut along this plane
