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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1- oreintation > Flashcards

Chapter 1- oreintation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure of living organisms; Greek- “to cut apart”

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of living organisms

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3
Q

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Body structure is studied system by system

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Considers the cells of the body

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9
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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10
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

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11
Q

Embryology

A

Subdivision of developmental anatomy; Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Studies structural changes caused by disease

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13
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

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14
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Study of biological molecules

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15
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling organs with your hands

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16
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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17
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Concerns kidney function & urine production

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18
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Concerns the workings of the nervous system

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19
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

Studies the operation of the heart & blood vessels

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20
Q

Key concept of: Principal of Complementary of Structure & Function

A

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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21
Q

In what ways does physiology depend on anatomy?

A

The operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy.

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22
Q

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten?

A

Physiology

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23
Q

Would you be studying physiology or anatomy if you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

A

Anatomy

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24
Q

The simplest level of the structural hierarchy

A

Chemical level

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25
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; Composed of protons, neutrons, & electrons

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26
Q

Molecule

A

Particle consisting of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

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27
Q

Organelles

A

Small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole; eg. Ribosomes, Mitochondria, & etc.

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28
Q

Cell

A

Structural unit of all living things

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29
Q

The different levels of structural organization

A 
Smallest to greatest
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organismal
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30
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells & their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; Primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous tissue

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31
Q

Organ

A

A part of the body formed of 2 or more tissues & adapted to carry out a specific function

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32
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function

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33
Q

Organism

A

The living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life

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34
Q

What level of structure organization is typical of a cytologist’s field of study?

A

Cellular level

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35
Q

What is the correct structural order for the following terms: Tissue, Organism, Organ, Cell

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organism

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36
Q

Which organ system includes the bones & cartilage?

A

Skeletal system

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37
Q

Which organ system includes the nasal cavity, lungs, & trachea?

A

Respiratory system

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38
Q

Contractility

A

Muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

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39
Q

Excitability (Responsiveness)

A

Ability to respond to stimuli

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40
Q

Digestion

A

A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes

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41
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells

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42
Q

Catabolism

A

Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances

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43
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances

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44
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Metabolic processes in which ATP is produced

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45
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of waste products from the body; Excreta

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46
Q

Cellular Reproduction

A

Original cell divides, producing 2 identical cells; Used for growth or repair

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47
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

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48
Q

Survival needs

A

Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, & appropriate temperature & atmosphere pressure

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49
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy & cell building

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50
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760mm Hg at sea level)

51
Q

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

A

Living organisms maintain their boundaries

52
Q

What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?

A

Metabolism

53
Q

Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?

A

Because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes & the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life

54
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

55
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Sense that reports on angular (rotatory) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space

56
Q

Receptor

A

A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli

57
Q

Stimulus

A

An excitant or irritant; A change in the environment that evokes a response

58
Q

Control center

A

The set point in which a variable is to be maintained

59
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying to or toward a center

60
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying away or away from, especially a nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the central nervous system

61
Q

Effector

A

Organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

62
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A

The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

63
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change

64
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

A disturbance in homeostasis caused by a disease

65
Q

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

66
Q

When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? Why?

A

Negative feedback mechanism

Thirst prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimuuis & returns body fluid volume to the normal range

67
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The anatomical reference point; standard body position

68
Q

Directional Terms

A

Explains where one body structure is in relation to another

69
Q

Axial

A

Relating to the head, neck, & trunk; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body

70
Q

Appendicular

A

Relating to the limbs; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body

71
Q

Regional Terms

A

Designates specific areas within the major body divisions

72
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its part into right & left portions

73
Q

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

A

Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

74
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

All sagittal planes offset from the midline

75
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior & posterior parts

76
Q

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A

A plane running from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior & inferior parts

77
Q

Oblique Section

A

A cut made diagonally between the horizontal & vertical plane of the body or an organ

78
Q

Superior (Cranial)

A

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; Above

79
Q

Inferior (Caudal)

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; Below

80
Q

Ventral (Anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; In front of

81
Q

Dorsal (Posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; Behind

82
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of

83
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of

84
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial & a more lateral structure

85
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

86
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

87
Q

Superficial (External)

A

Toward or at the body surface

88
Q

Deep (Internal)

A

Away from the body surface; More internal

89
Q

What is the anatomical position?

Why is it important to know this?

A

The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated & palms facing anteriorly.
Directional terms refer to the body as if it were in this position.

90
Q

The axillary & acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is both located?

A

Axillary region is the armpit.

Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder.

91
Q

What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior & posterior parts?

A

A frontal section

92
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Protects the nervous system

93
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

In the skull, encases the brain; Part of the Dorsal body cavity

94
Q

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity

A

Runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord; Part of the dorsal body cavity

95
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Houses internal organs

96
Q

Visceral Organs (Viscera)

A

A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity

97
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Surrounded by the ribs & muscles of the chest

98
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

A potential space between the 2 layers of plerua; Contains a thin film of serous fluid

99
Q

Mediastinum

A

The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, & trachea

100
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Encloses the heart & other thoracic organs

101
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Contains the abdominal & pelvic cavities

102
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity: Contains abdominal organs

103
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity; Lies in the bony pelvis

104
Q

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

A

The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities

105
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity

106
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity

107
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane

108
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleurae

109
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneums

110
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

111
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Centermost region deep to & surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

112
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Located superior to the umbilical region

epi= upon, above; gastric= belly

113
Q

Hypogastric (Pubic) Region

A

Located inferior to the umbilical region

hypo= below

114
Q

Right & Left Iliac (Inguinal) Regions

A

Located lateral to the hypogastric region

iliac= superior part of the hip bone

115
Q

Right & Left Lumbar Regions

A

Lie lateral to the umbilical region

lumbus= loin

116
Q

Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

Lie lateral to the epigastric region & deep to the ribs

chondro= cartilage

117
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Mouth

118
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Located within & posterior to the nose

119
Q

Orbital Cavities

A

In the skull & house the eyes & present them in an anterior position

120
Q

Middle Ear Cavities

A

In the skull & lie just medial to the eardrums

121
Q

Synovial Cavities

A

Joint cavities

122
Q

Severe pains in the lower right quadrant (LRQ), what might be the problem?

A

Appendicitis

123
Q

Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, & heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Spinal cord

Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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