Chapter 1- oreintation Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of structure of living organisms; Greek- “to cut apart”
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the function of living organisms
3
Q
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
A
Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
4
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
All structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time
5
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Body structure is studied system by system
6
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
7
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
Study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
8
Q
Cytology
A
Considers the cells of the body
9
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissues
10
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
11
Q
Embryology
A
Subdivision of developmental anatomy; Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
12
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
Studies structural changes caused by disease
13
Q
Radiographic Anatomy
A
Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
14
Q
Molecular Biology
A
Study of biological molecules
15
Q
Palpation
A
Feeling organs with your hands
16
Q
Auscultation
A
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
17
Q
Renal Physiology
A
Concerns kidney function & urine production
18
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Concerns the workings of the nervous system
19
Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
A
Studies the operation of the heart & blood vessels
20
Q
Key concept of: Principal of Complementary of Structure & Function
A
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
21
Q
In what ways does physiology depend on anatomy?
A
The operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy.
22
Q
Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten?
A
Physiology
23
Q
Would you be studying physiology or anatomy if you explored the location of the lungs in the body?
A
Anatomy
24
Q
The simplest level of the structural hierarchy
A
Chemical level
25
Atom
Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; Composed of protons, neutrons, & electrons
26
Molecule
Particle consisting of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
27
Organelles
Small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole; eg. Ribosomes, Mitochondria, & etc.
28
Cell
Structural unit of all living things
29
The different levels of structural organization
```
Smallest to greatest
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organismal
```
30
Tissue
A group of similar cells & their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; Primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous tissue
31
Organ
A part of the body formed of 2 or more tissues & adapted to carry out a specific function
32
Organ System
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function
33
Organism
The living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life
34
What level of structure organization is typical of a cytologist's field of study?
Cellular level
35
What is the correct structural order for the following terms: Tissue, Organism, Organ, Cell
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organism
36
Which organ system includes the bones & cartilage?
Skeletal system
37
Which organ system includes the nasal cavity, lungs, & trachea?
Respiratory system
38
Contractility
Muscle cell's ability to move by shortening
39
Excitability (Responsiveness)
Ability to respond to stimuli
40
Digestion
A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes
41
Metabolism
Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells
42
Catabolism
Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances
43
Anabolism
Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances
44
Cellular Respiration
Metabolic processes in which ATP is produced
45
Excretion
Elimination of waste products from the body; Excreta
46
Cellular Reproduction
Original cell divides, producing 2 identical cells; Used for growth or repair
47
Growth
Increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
48
Survival needs
Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, & appropriate temperature & atmosphere pressure
49
Nutrients
Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy & cell building
50
Atmospheric pressure
Force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760mm Hg at sea level)
51
What separates living beings from nonliving objects?
Living organisms maintain their boundaries
52
What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?
Metabolism
53
Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?
Because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes & the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life
54
Homeostasis
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
55
Dynamic Equilibrium
Sense that reports on angular (rotatory) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space
56
Receptor
A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli
57
Stimulus
An excitant or irritant; A change in the environment that evokes a response
58
Control center
The set point in which a variable is to be maintained
59
Afferent
Carrying to or toward a center
60
Efferent
Carrying away or away from, especially a nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the central nervous system
61
Effector
Organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
62
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
63
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change
64
Homeostatic Imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis caused by a disease
65
What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?
Negative feedback mechanisms
66
When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? Why?
Negative feedback mechanism
| Thirst prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimuuis & returns body fluid volume to the normal range
67
Anatomical Position
The anatomical reference point; standard body position
68
Directional Terms
Explains where one body structure is in relation to another
69
Axial
Relating to the head, neck, & trunk; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body
70
Appendicular
Relating to the limbs; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body
71
Regional Terms
Designates specific areas within the major body divisions
72
Sagittal Plane
A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its part into right & left portions
73
Median (Midsagittal) Plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
74
Parasagittal Plane
All sagittal planes offset from the midline
75
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior & posterior parts
76
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
A plane running from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior & inferior parts
77
Oblique Section
A cut made diagonally between the horizontal & vertical plane of the body or an organ
78
Superior (Cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; Above
79
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; Below
80
Ventral (Anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; In front of
81
Dorsal (Posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; Behind
82
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of
83
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of
84
Intermediate
Between a more medial & a more lateral structure
85
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
86
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
87
Superficial (External)
Toward or at the body surface
88
Deep (Internal)
Away from the body surface; More internal
89
What is the anatomical position?
| Why is it important to know this?
The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated & palms facing anteriorly.
Directional terms refer to the body as if it were in this position.
90
The axillary & acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is both located?
Axillary region is the armpit.
| Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder.
91
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior & posterior parts?
A frontal section
92
Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects the nervous system
93
Cranial Cavity
In the skull, encases the brain; Part of the Dorsal body cavity
94
Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity
Runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord; Part of the dorsal body cavity
95
Ventral Body Cavity
Houses internal organs
96
Visceral Organs (Viscera)
A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity
97
Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded by the ribs & muscles of the chest
98
Pleural Cavity
A potential space between the 2 layers of plerua; Contains a thin film of serous fluid
99
Mediastinum
The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, & trachea
100
Pericardial Cavity
Encloses the heart & other thoracic organs
101
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains the abdominal & pelvic cavities
102
Abdominal Cavity
Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity: Contains abdominal organs
103
Pelvic Cavity
Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity; Lies in the bony pelvis
104
Serosa (Serous Membrane)
The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities
105
Parietal Serosa
The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity
106
Visceral Serosa
The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity
107
Serous Fluid
Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane
108
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleurae
109
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneums
110
What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
111
Umbilical Region
Centermost region deep to & surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
112
Epigastric Region
Located superior to the umbilical region
| epi= upon, above; gastric= belly
113
Hypogastric (Pubic) Region
Located inferior to the umbilical region
| hypo= below
114
Right & Left Iliac (Inguinal) Regions
Located lateral to the hypogastric region
| iliac= superior part of the hip bone
115
Right & Left Lumbar Regions
Lie lateral to the umbilical region
| lumbus= loin
116
Right & Left Hypochondriac Regions
Lie lateral to the epigastric region & deep to the ribs
| chondro= cartilage
117
Oral Cavity
Mouth
118
Nasal Cavity
Located within & posterior to the nose
119
Orbital Cavities
In the skull & house the eyes & present them in an anterior position
120
Middle Ear Cavities
In the skull & lie just medial to the eardrums
121
Synovial Cavities
Joint cavities
122
Severe pains in the lower right quadrant (LRQ), what might be the problem?
Appendicitis
123
Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, & heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity?
Spinal cord
