Chapter 1 OLD TEXTBOOK Flashcards
What are the four interrelated topics in pathophysiology?
- etiology
- pathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- treatment implications
What is etiology?
the study of causes or reasons for phenomena
* identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury
What is idiopathic etiology?
the cause is unknown
What is iatrogenic etiology?
the cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
What is a risk factor?
a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease
What is pathogenesis?
the development or evolution of disease
* from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease
* description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder or disease
What are clinical manifestations?
signs, symptoms, and syndromes
What is a sign?
objective or observed manifestations of disease
what you see
What is a symptom?
subjective feeling of abnormality in the body
feeling
What is a syndrome?
etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined
* a collection of symptoms
What is the latent period?
the time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms
* in infectious disease, it is called the incubation period
* also refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild/silent/disappear
What is the prodromal period?
the time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease
What is the acute phase?
when disease or illness reaches its full intensity
What is the subclinical stage?
the patient functions normally; disease processes are well established
What is an acute clinical course?
short-lived, may have severe manifestation
What is a chronic clinical course?
may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course
What is exacerbation?
a suddent increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms
What is remission?
a decrease in severity, sings, or symptoms.
may indicate the disease is cured
What is convalescence?
the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
What is sequela?
a subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness
What is statistical normality?
the estimate of diseases in a normal populations, based on a bell-shaped curve
What is reliability?
a test ability to give the same result in repeated measurements
What is predictive value?
the extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition
What is sensitivity?
the probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition
e.g. percentage of patients with the disease misclassified as not having the disease * true positives + false negatives
What is specificity?
the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition
e.g. the percentage of patients without a disease that are miclassified as having the disease - true negatives + false positives
What are individual factors?
- cultural factor
- age difference
- gender difference
- situational difference
- time variations
What is epidemiology?
the study of pattern of disease invovling populations
* examining the occurence, incidence, prevlance, transmission, and distribution of disease in large group of population/people
What are cultural factors?
each culture defines health and illness in amanner that reflect their experience
What are age differences?
a normal value for a person at one age may not normal for a person at another age
What are gender differences?
a normal value for men might not be normal for women or vice versa
* relevant in both health and disease
What are situational differences?
determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism
What are time variations?
may impact how the body repsonds from day to night, or at varying times
* circadiuam rhythm or diurnal variations
What are the three types of epidemiology in disease?
endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
What is endemic disease?
disease native to a local region
What is epidemic disease?
disease spread to many people at one time
What is pandemic disease?
disease spread to large geographic areas
What are aggregate factors?
- age
- ethnic group
- gender
- socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations
- geographic location
What are the three levels of prevention?
primary, secondary, and tertiary
What is the primary level of prevention?
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
What is the secondary level of prevention?
early detection, screening, and management of disease
What is the tertiary level of prevention?
rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
A patient with cancer has done many tests, scans, and bloodwork. His doctor says the results indicate there are no longer signs of cancer. What is this stage called?
Remission
A 19-year-old female had COVID in March. In May, she was diagnosed with Type II diabetes. What clinical course/stage may be at play in this situation?
Sequela
- a subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness
A 45 y.o. male just had an appendectomy. He is in the recovery room for 1-2 days. What is this stage called?
Convalescence
A patient with chronic back pain has been feeling good for the last couple weeks. After mowing the lawn yesterday, he is in severe pain and cannot get out of bed. What is this stage called?
Exacerbation
What type of clinical course is the common cold?
Acute
only lasting a few days to a couple weeks
What type of clinical course is Fibromyalgia?
Chronic
lasting months to years - Fibromyalgia is a lifelong condition
What is validity?
the degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
What level of prevention is this example?
Bethany decides not to smoke cigarettes because she is aware of the health consequences.
Primary. She is reducing her exposure to harmful chemicals and carcinogens. She is reducing her susceptibility to cancers and heart disease.
What level of prevention is this example?
Polly decides to limit her fast-food consumption as her new years resolution.
Primary. She is reducing her exposure to unhealthy fats and processed foods, reducing her susceptibility to metabolic disorders and heart disease.
What level of prevention is this example?
Larry gets his routine bloodwork done and his MD notices his blood sugars are on the cusp of Type II diabetes. Larry decides to make a lifestyle change - he eats healthier, exercises often, and gets adequate sleep. At his next appointment, his blood levels are much better.
Secondary. With early detection and management of disease, Larry has prevented the development of Type II diabetes and the need for medical intervention and medications.
What level of prevention is this example?
Norman is severely overweight and has trouble climbing the steps to his upstairs bedroom. He consults with an R.Kin to develop and exercise program to overcome this challenge.
Tertiary. Norman is recieving some rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring some function in his life.
What is a disease?
any disturbance of the structure or function of the body
What does congenital mean?
something you are born with
What is the patient-centered approach when taking a clinical history?
Hint: 5 factors
- history of current illness (chief complaint, severity, onset etc.)
- medical history (prev. illnesses)
- family history (inherited diseases)
- social history (habits, occupation etc.)
- review of symptoms
What is the purpose of clinical laboratory tests?
to determine concentration of substances that are frequently altered by disease in blood or urine
What are examples of uses of clinical laboratory tests?
- concentration or activity of enzymes in blood
- evaluation function of organs
- monitor response of certain cancers to treatment
- detect disease-producing organisms in urine, blood, and feces
- determine response to antibiotics
What is a barium sulfate test?
a test to view the intenstinal tract
What is a radiopaque oil in bronchogram?
a contrast agent injected to visualize the bronchial tree
What is intravenous dye used for?
it is used in intravenous pyelogram; a test used to visualize the kidneys and ureters and in visualizing the urinary tract
What are radiopaque tablets used for?
visualizing gallstones
What are arteriograms?
used for visualizing blood flow; identifying narrowing or obstruction
What is cardiac catheterization used for?
visualizing blood flow through the heart; detecting abnormal communications between chambers
What is a CT scan?
- computed tomography
- radiation detectors record the amount of X-rays absorbed by body
- good for looking at organs and screening for cancer
You go to the pharmacy and pick up Tylenol Cold + Flu to treat your chest and nasal congestion. What kind of treatment is this?
symptomatic treatment.
You are not treating the underlying cause (bacteria or virus) but receving symptomatic relief
