Chapter 1: New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C.- A.D. 1769 Flashcards
Capitalism
an economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets
Caravel
a small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails
Confederacy
an alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation
Conquistador
Spanish conquerer or adventurer in the Americas
Demographic
concerning the general characteristics of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on
Ecosystem
a naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment
Encomienda
the Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them
Inflation
rising prices that occur when the supply of currency or credit grows faster than the available supply of goods and services
Matrilineal
the form of society in which family line, wealth, and power are passed primarily through the female side
Mestizo
a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry
Middlemen
in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to customers
Nation-State
the form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity
Plantation
a large scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor
Primeval
concerning the earliest origins of things
Province
a medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire
Saga
a lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes
Pueblo Indians
Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico,
Arizona, southwest Colorado
a. Corn planting, elaborate irrigation systems, multi-storied
and terraced dwellings
b. Some Pueblo villages are still among the oldest in North
America
Mound Builders
civilizations in the Mississippi and Ohio
Valleys
a. Mississippian culture (e.g. Cahokia near E. St. Louis)
perhaps rivaled Egyptian architecture; home to as many
as 40,000 people (c. 1000-1700 CE)
• Central mound, 100 ft. high, world’s largest earthen
work.
• Largest city north of Mexico
b. Iron tools, wore woven fabrics, buried dead in collective
graves
c. Trade spanned from Appalachians to Rockies; Great
Lakes to Gulf of Mexico.
Francisco Pizarro
defeated Incas in 1532; vast amounts of
gold & silver
Black Legend
false view advanced by Protestant
countries that only Spain “killed for Christ,” enslaved
Indians, stole their gold, infected them with diseases, and
left nothing but misery behind.
St. Augustine
fortress erected (1565): oldest European
settlement in the modern-day U.S.
– Purpose: keep French out of Spanish southeast territory and
protect sea lanes in the Caribbean.
Roanoke
1585, Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert’s half-brother)
led 115 men, women & children to Roanoke Island off coast
of Virginia; mysteriously vanished
Spain and the Pueblo Indians
1.Juan de Oñate established New Mexico, 1598
a. Retaliated against Pueblo Indians at Acoma by killing 800 and
enslaving 600 others
b. Pueblos submitted to Spanish demands for labor and food,
especially during drought conditions
c. Santa Fe became the capital in 1610
Pope’s Rebellion
Santa Fe, New Mexico
a. Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New Mexico
and expelled them for over ten years.
b. Killed half the Spanish clergy and over 350 settlers.
c. Causes:
i. Famine in 1666 caused massive suffering among Indians
ii. Pueblo Indians attacked by Apache and Navajo tribes who
were retaliating against Spanish aggression against their
peoples.
iii. Spanish authorities punished Pueblos for backsliding from
Christianity to native religions after major epidemics
wiped out Pueblo villages.
d. Spanish authorities eventually regained control in the early
1690s but another full-scale revolt erupted in 1696
e. Albuquerque founded in 1706 by Spanish soldiers but did not
employ the encomienda system; Indian religion tolerated as
long as they attended Catholic mass.
New England Confederation
created by New
England colonies for collective security against
Amerindians.
i. Puritan response to the Pequot War
ii. Effective in defeating Metacom in King Philip’s War
Native American Civilization
a. Societies more highly developed in Meso-America & South
America; North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary.
b. Important North American tribes: Pueblo, Moundbuilders,
Creek & Cherokee, Iroquois
Impact of Contact Between Amerindians and Colonists
a. Destruction of Amerindian population
b. Introduction of cattle & horses revolutionized some Amerindian
cultures.
c. Europeans saw global empires for the first time, the rise of
capitalism, and a revolution in diet.
Relations Between Amerindians and Colonists
Spanish: sought to Catholicize, control and use Indians for forced
labor (mission system, encomienda, hacienda)
b. French: sought trade relations with Indians; Jesuits sought to
convert them to Catholicism
c. English: sought to remove Indians or exterminate them.
