Chapter 1 Network Fundamentals

Question 1

What is a router?

Answer 1

It’s a device that directs internet traffic with multiple devices to a network and directs data packets to their correct destination.

Question 2

What is a Switch?

Answer 2

It’s a device that connects multiple devices on a network and allows them to communicate with each other.

Question 3

IDS (Intrusion Detection System)

Answer 3

It monitors network traffic and devices for suspicious activity.

Question 4

What are Proxies?

Answer 4

It is an application or server that acts as an intermediary between the user and the internet.

Question 5

List the layers of an OSI Model

Answer 5

Layer 1: Physical Data Link
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 3: Network
Layer 4: Transport
Layer 5: Session Layer
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
Payer 7: Application Layer

Question 6

Encapsulation vs Decapsulation

Answer 6

Encapsulation adds information to the packet as it travels to its destination. Decapsulation reverses the process by removing the info, so the destination can read the original data

Question 7

Access Point (AP)

Answer 7

It’s not a wireless router. An access point a bridge to access the router itself.

Question 8

Content Delivery Network

Answer 8

It takes time to get data from one place to another. Geographically distributed caching servers.

Question 9

(VPN) Virtual Private Network

Answer 9

Secure private data traversing the public network. This is often a built-in network that can encrypt and decrypt access to the device.

Question 10

Quality of Service (QoS)

Answer 10

Traffic Shaping, Packet Shaping. Control Bandwidth usage or data rates. It is important to have higher priorities than other apps.

Question 11

TTL (Time to Live)

Answer 11

A networking mechanism that limits the amount of time for a data packet that exists on the network.

Question 12

What is Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Answer 12

Replace physical network devices with virtual versions. It has the same functionality as a physical device, like routing, switching, load balancing, and maintaining a cloud.

Question 13

What is a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)

Answer 13

A pool of resources created in a public cloud.

Question 14

What is a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Answer 14

A communication standard that allows a device to exchange data over a network. TCP is a fundamental protocol that defines how to establish and maintain network conversations.

Question 15

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

Answer 15

One of the primary ways in which ICMP is used to determine if data is getting to its destination and at the right time.

Question 16

Unicast

Answer 16

One stations sends information to another station.

Question 17

Multicast

Answer 17

Delivery of information to interested systems. Multimedia delivery, stock exchanges, and dynamic routing updates.

Question 18

Broadcast

Answer 18

Send information to everyone at once.

Question 19

Fiber Communication

Answer 19

It’s a type of cabling that is immune to radio interference. Signals slow to degrade and transmit over long distances.

Question 20

Copper Cabling

Answer 20

Two wires twisted to resist interference. They have equal, but opposite signals.

Question 21

Coaxial Cable

Answer 21

Two or more forms share an axis and these cable are used for television and digital.

Question 22

Twin axial Cable

Answer 22

It has two inter conductors and travel in is 10 gigabytes of info through an ethernet cable.

Question 23

Transceiver

Answer 23

Transmitter and receiver. Usually in a single component. It’s a device that can both send and receive signals and is a combination of a transmitter and transceiver in a single package. Different types can range from fiber and copper.

Question 24

What are network topologies?

Answer 24

It is a physical and logical arrangement of devices and connections in a network. It describes how data flows and how nodes such as routers and switches are interconnected.

Question 25

What are some of the network topologies you can list?

Answer 25

Star Network- Used in most large and small networks. The middle has a central hub where all the other devices communicate in one center.

Mesh- Multiple Links to the sample place. Redundancy, fault tolerance, and load balancing.

Hybrid (Star and Mesh)- A
combination of physical topologies.

Top-of-rack Switching- A network topology that uses layers of switcher to improve network efficiency and reduce latency. The advantage is that this can send data quickly, but it is costly since buying switches is expensive.

Point-to-point- Older WAN links that can send data by themselves.

Question 26

Three-Tier Architecture

Answer 26

Three-tier architecture is commonly found in small geographical areas like cities and towns. Our homes are usually connected to these architectures, but only because it’s possible by distribution channels.

Question 27

Two-Tier Architecture

Answer 27

Its simplicity has an advantage over its three tier model. It has been seen to combine the core and distribution layers. However, it is not as resilient if you happen to lose components.

Question 28

Loopback Address

Answer 28

A special IP address that points back to the same device to send and receive network traffic to itself. It is primarily used for testing purposes, debugging, or establishing network connections without involving external devices.

Question 29

Reserved Address

Answer 29

It refers to an IP address that are set aside for specific purposes and are not assigned for general use on public networks like the Internet. These addresses are typically reserved by organizations.

Question 30

Virtual IP Addresses (VIP)

Answer 30

They are not real IP addresses, since these addresses are based on virtual machines or reserved addresses that are given to a router

Question 31

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Answer 31

A network management protocol is used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration settings to devices on a network. IP configuration settings are done through this sever.

Question 32

Subnetting

Answer 32

It’s a process in which a larger network is divided into smaller and sub-manageable networks.

Question 33

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

Answer 33

It allows for more efficient use of IP address space, which is especially important as the number of devices on the internet grows.

Question 34

VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks)

Answer 34

It’s a technique in IP networking that allows you to create subnets of different sizes from a single IP network, as opposed to fixed-size subnets.

Question 35

SDN (Software Defined Networking)

Answer 35

Networking devices have different functional planes of operation. It is a network architecture approach that separates the control plane from the data plane in networking devices.

Question 36

Adaptive Identity

Answer 36

Multiple Risk Indicators that have a relationship to the organization, physical location, type of connection, and IP address.

Question 37

IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)

Answer 37

The number of IPV6 addresses can be the sum of 45 quintillion unique addresses. This was specifically used to address the limitation of IPV4.

Question 38

Tunneling IPV6

Answer 38

It sends IPV6s over existing IPV4s.