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Geography GCSE💚 > Chapter 1 - Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Lithosphere

A

The uppermost layer of the earth. It is cool and brittle. It includes the very top of the mantle and above this is the crust.

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2
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Part of the earth’s mantle. It is hot, semi molten layer that lies beneath the tectonic plates

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3
Q

Outer core

A

Liquid (iron/nickel alloy)

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4
Q

Inner core

A

Solid

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5
Q

Continental crust

A 
Forms the land
Made of thick granite
Low density
Floats high on mantle
Granite is less dense than the Mantle basalt 
30-50 km thick
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6
Q

Oceanic crust

A 
Under the oceans
Very thin
1-3 miles
Made of basalt rock 
Same kind of rock as found in the mantle 
More dense
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7
Q

Tectonic plates move because…

A

Of convection currents

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8
Q

Plumes

A

Convection cells where heat moves towards the surface
Bring magma to the surface
Others plumes are like columns of heat which form hot spots (Yellowstone)

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9
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Uranium, potassium, potherum are some examples
They have a time limit before they decay and release heat and energy
50%of the earth’s heat comes from this
Produces 20-30 terwatts
Unstable isotopes

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10
Q

Pangea

A

The 25 million year ago super continent

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11
Q

Hot spot

A

A place in centre of a place where magma rises. This causes the lithosphere to melt and magma pushes through the crust to form volcanoes

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12
Q

Queen Mary’s Peak

A

Shield volcano

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13
Q

My. Pinatibo

A

Composite volcano

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14
Q

Tsunami

A

The upper plate is bent under enormous stresses and when that pressure is released it causes the tsunami

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15
Q

When was Sendai Japan earthquake

A

11 mar 2011

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16
Q

Magnitude Sendai earthquake (Japan)

A

9.0

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17
Q

Sendai focus

A

30 km below convergent plate boundary

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18
Q

Sendai epicentre

A

70km from coast in Sendai Bay

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19
Q

Dams collapse - Sendai (primary effects(

A

1 dam collapsed

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20
Q

Sendai nuclear power station damage

A

2 nuclear power stations damaged

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21
Q

Sendai amount of damage

A

US $235 billion of damage with tsunami + earthquake

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22
Q

Sendai - people died (secondary effects)

A

15,900 died

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23
Q

Sendai people missing

A

2,600

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24
Q

Sendai people injured

A

6150 injured

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25
Q

Sendai people homeless

A

350,000 (93% of deaths caused by drowning )

26
Q

When was Port au Prince Haiti earthquake

A

12 jan 2010

27
Q

Port-au-Prince magnitude earthquake (Haiti)

A

7.0

28
Q

Port au Prince focus

A

13km deep on a conservative plate boundary

29
Q

Port au Prince epicentre

A

25km from Port au Prince (population 2.5 million)

30
Q

Port au Prince people died (primary effects)

A

316,000 died

31
Q

Port au Prince injured

A

300,000

32
Q

Port au Prince homeless

A

1 Million People

33
Q

Port au Prince infrastructure damage

A

Port, communication links + major roads were damaged

34
Q

Port au Prince cholera outbreak (secondary effects)

A

8000 killed

35
Q

Port au Prince clothing factories

A

Important factories damaged - 60% of Haiti’s exports

^ 1 in 5 jobs were lost

36
Q

Port au Prince rehousing

A

By 2015, most people had been rehoused

39
Q

Structure of the earth

A

Upper mantle
Lower mantle
Outer core
Inner core

40
Q

Lithosphere

A

Cool + bristle - includes top of mantle + the crust

41
Q

Asthenosphere

A

‘Lubricating layer’ under lithosphere (partly motel work, partly solid rock)

42
Q

Continental crust

A

Forms the land
Made of Granite (low density igneous rock)
30-50km thick

43
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Under the oceans
Made of basalt (denser than igneous rock)
6-8km thick

44
Q

Meteorites

A

Fragments of rock and metal that fell to earth form space

45
Q

Types of meteorites

A

Stony (similar composition to basalt)
Stony - iron (lot of mineral olivine)
Iron (solid lumps of iron and nickel)

46
Q

We know the inside of earth is hot because of…

A

Molten lava spewing from active volcanoes
Hot spring
Geysers

47
Q

Geothermal

A

Heat from inside the earth produced by radioactive decay (atoms of radioactive elements release particles from nuclei + produce heat)

48
Q

Earth’s core temp

A

5000 C

49
Q

Inner core (state)

A

So deep + under pressure it stays solid

50
Q

Outer core (state)

A

Liquid because of low pressure

51
Q

Convection currents

A

When heat rises form the core + created convection currents in liquid outer core + mantle
Vast mantle currents can move earth’s tectonic plates

52
Q

‘Engine’ of plate tectonics

A

Radioactivity

53
Q

Plumes

A

Parts of convection cells where heat towards the surface concentrated zones of heat - inside mantle is less dense (plumes bring magma)

54
Q

Magnetosphere

A

Huge magnetic field surrounding earth (e.g northern lights or aurora borealis) when radiation from space hits the magnetosphere + lights up the sky

55
Q

What produces magnetosphere

A

Liquid iron flow in the outer core

56
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Earth’s split into 15 tectonic plates

57
Q

Plate boundary

A

Where two plates meet

58
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

Where two plates move apart

59
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

Where two plates collide

60
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

Where two plates slide past each other

61
Q

How does new oceanic crust form at divergent boundary

A

Convection current bring magma up from the mantle
The magma is injected between the separating plates
As the magma cools down, it forms new oceanic crust
The plates continue to move apart - more magma is injected

62
Q

What is VEI

A

Volcanic explosivity index - measures destructive power = scale 1-8
(Never experienced 8)

63
Q

Subduction

A

Oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate - as it melts, it goes back in the mantle

64
Q

Can continental crust be subducted?

A

Less dense so NO

Geography GCSE💚 (3 decks)

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