Chapter 1: Mental Health and Mental Illness Flashcards
_____ ____ and ____ ____ are defined by the times and the culture
Mental health and mental illness
Continuum of Mental Health and Mental Illness
Mental health and mental illness are not an either/or proposition
Most people are not at either end of the spectrum
Most people are somewhere between the two poles
What constitutes mental health and mental illness also changes over cultures and time
The successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age-appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
Mental health
Maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms and interfere with the individual’s social, occupational, or physical functioning
Mental illness
Mental, physical, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infermity
Health as defined by WHO
A state of well-being in which each individual is able to realize his or her own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to the community. Includes prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation
Mental health as defined by WHO
Mental health includes rational thinking, communication skills, emotional growth, learning, resilience and self-esteem
US department of health and human services
Evolved over time and subject to culture.
Clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome.
Distress, disability or the risk of suffering disability or loss of freedom.
Can involve behavior, mood or thinking disorders or any combination of these.
Psychiatry’s definition of mental illness
Able to recognize own potential.
Cope with normal stress.
Work productively.
Make contribution to community.
Mental health
Traits of mental health
Ability to: Think rationally Communicate appropriately Learn Grow emotionally Be resilient Have healthy self-esteem Happiness, appraisal of reality, healthy self-concept
Disorders with definable diagnosis.
Significant dysfunction in mental functioning r/t: developmental, biological, physiological disturbances
Culturally defined
Becomes illness when person is distress by sx and can’t fulfill expected roles
Mental illness
Ability and capacity to secure resources needed to support well-being.
Characterized by: optimism, sense of mastery, competence
Essential to recovery.
Closely associated with the process of adapting.
Recognize feelings and readily deal with them.
Doesn’t mean you are not affected by negative events, just use them to learn and grow
Resilience
Biological predisposition, genetic component
Diathesis
Environmental ___ or trauma
stress
Most accepted explanation for mental illness. Combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors. Nature/nurture
Diathesis-Stress Model
Genetic predisposition can be triggered by environmental factors
Social influences of Mental Health Care
Consumer/recovery movement National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Decade of the brain New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Mental Health Parity Act
Quantitative study of the distribution of mental disorders in human populations
Epidemiology
Number of new cases in a healthy population within a given period of time
Incidence
Number of cases, new and existing, in a given population during a specific time period, regardless of when they were first diagnosed
Prevalence
>20% of adults 18 and older have a diagnosable mental illness
More than one psychiatric condition at a time
Co-morbid condition
Epidemiology of Mental Disorders
Study distribution of mental disorders: identify high-risk groups; identify high-risk factors
Lead to etiology of mental disorder
Use information to: improve clinical practice; plan public health policies
Groups treated for specific mental disorders studied for: natural hx of illness; diagnostic screening tests; interventions.
Results used to describe frequency of: mental disorders; sx appearing together
Clinical epidemiology
How it is dx, progresses, is treated
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition
Official medical guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association for diagnosing psychiatric disorders
DSM-5
Diagnostic criteria; prevalence; who is more likely to be dx; s/s
The DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial System
Axis I: mental disorder that is the focus of treatment
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: General medical disorder relevant to the mental disorder in axis I
Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
International Classification of Diseases.
Clinical descriptions of mental and behavior disorders: 2 broad classifications, subclassifications
ICD-9-CM
Psychiatric mental health nurses
Employ purposeful use of self.
Use nursing, psychosocial, neurobiological theories and research.
Work with people throughout the life span
Employed in a variety of settings
The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International
Describes a nursing diagnosis as a clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems and life processes
NANDA-I
Future Challenges and Roles
Aging population Increasing cultural diversity Expanding technology Patient advocacy Legislative involvement
Current information suggests that the most disabling mental disorders are the result of
a) biological influences.
b) psychological trauma.
c) learned ways of behaving.
d) faulty patterns of early nurturance.
a) biological influences.
The prevalence rate over a 12-month period for major depressive disorder is
a) lower than the prevalence rate for panic disorders.
b) greater than the prevalence rate for psychotic disorders.
c) equal to the prevalence rate for psychotic disorders.
d) greater than the prevalence rate for generalized anxiety.
d) greater than the prevalence rate for generalized anxiety.
Statistics show that the prevalence rate over a 12-month period for major depressive disorder is 6.7%, and the lifetime prevalence rate for generalized anxiety is 3.1%.
