Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics: From Genes To Genomes > Chapter 1: Mendel's Principles Of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Mendel's Principles Of Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of biological information
A specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heredity

A

The way genes transmits traits from parents to offspring
Parental transmission of physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits
Inherited genes determine individual traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genome

A

All the genes you possess
The sum total of genetic information in a particular cell or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genetics

A

The science of heredity
The study of biological structures and mechanisms that determine inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Self - fertilization

A

Fertilization in which both egg and sperm come from the same plant or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cross- fertilization

A

Carry out a fertilization where the sperm and the egg come from two different organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discrete trait

A

An inherited trait that exhibits an either/or status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Continuous trait

A

Inherited Trait that is controlled by many different genes, and sometimes environment factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pure-breed

A

True- breed
Organisms that produce offspring with parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation
Homozygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inbred

A

Individuals or a population of organisms produced by matings of close genetic relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring with genetically dissimilar parents
Heterozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reciprocal Crosses

A

The characters of traits in the males and females reversed relative to the other, thereby controlling whether a particular character is transmitted by the male or female gamete
Alternate male and female parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parental generation

A

P1
Pure-breeding
Individuals whose offspring in subsequent generations will be studied for specific traits
Homozygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

First Filial generation

A

F1
Offspring of the P1 generation in a controlled series of crosses
First offspring
Heterozygotes
Expresses dominant phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Crosses between parents that differ in only one trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Second Filial Generation

A

F2
Offspring resulting from self- crosses or intercrosses between individuals of the F1 generation in a series of controlled matings
Second generation
Recessive form reappears at a 3:1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dominant

A

The trait that appears in the F1 hybrids (heterozygotes) resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Recessive

A

The trait that remains hidden in the F1 hybrids resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes
Usually reappears in F2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a single gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monkhybrids

A

Individuals having two different alleles of a single gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gamete

A

Specialized cells (egg and sperm) that carry genes between generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Law of segregation

A

The two alleles of each gene separate during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization

23
Q

The Punnett Square

A

Visualization of segregation and random union of alleles

24
Q

Pisum Sativum

A

Garden pea plant
self- fertilizing producingabundant offspring
Mendel’s model
He created 7 pairs (14) true-breeding lines

25
Q

Antagonistic Traits Examined

A

Pea color
Pea shape
Pod color
Pod shape
Flower color
Stem length
Flower position

26
Q

Mendel’s Patterns

A

Pattern 1: If 2 true-breeders are observed, the offspring will look like one parent and not the other
Pattern 2: In monohybrid crosses one gene is dominant over the other; F1 will be all dominant and in F2 the Recessive shows up at a 3:1 ratio

27
Q

Genotype

A

An individual’s set of alleles

28
Q

Phenotype

A

Appearance
Manifestation of a trait

29
Q

Product rule

A

The probability of two or more independent events occuring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself
Probability of event 1 AND event 2 = probability of event 1 x probability of event 2
Independent events

30
Q

Sum rule

A

The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occuring is the sum of their individual probabilities
Mutually exclusive
Probability Of event 1 OR event 2 = Probability of event 1 + probability of event 2

31
Q

Homozygous

A

Describes a genotype in which the two copies of the gene that determine a particular trait are the same allele

32
Q

Heterozygous

A

Describes a genotype in which the two copies of a gene are different alleles

33
Q

Homozygotes

A

An individual with identical alleles for a given gene or locus

34
Q

Heterozygotes

A

An individual with two different alleles for a given gene or locus

35
Q

Testcross

A

Across used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype by mating with an individual showing the recessive Phenotype
A cross used to determine whether genes are linked and the distance between linked genes

36
Q

Dihybrid

A

An individual that is heterozygous at I-wo different genes

37
Q

Parental Type

A

Phenotypes that reflect a previously existing parental combination of alleles that is retained during gamete formation

38
Q

Recombinant Types

A

Phenotypes reflecting a new combination of alleles that occured during gamete formation

39
Q

Independent Assortment

A

The random distribution of alleles of different genes during gamete formation

40
Q

The Law of Independent Assortment

A

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

41
Q

Branched- Line Diagram

A

A System for I isting The expected results of multihybrid crosses

42
Q

Thalassemia

A

Reduce amounts of hemoglobin; anemia, bone and spleen enlargement
Caused by a recessive allele

43
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia

A

Abnormal hemoglobin; sickle- shaped red cells, anemia, blocked Circulation; increased resistance to malaria
Caused by recessive allele

44
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Defective cell membrane protein; excessive mucus production; digestive and respiratory failure
Caused by a recessive allele
Cl- transport deficiency; 12 million American Carrier (10% survive into their 30s)
Horizontal inheritance
Unaffected Carriers can have affected offspring
Consanguineous matings concentrate recessive alleles

45
Q

Tay- Sachs disease

A

Missing enzyme; buildup of fatty deposit in brain; buildup disrupts mental development
Caused by a recessive allele

46
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Missing enzyme; mental deficiency
Caused by a recessive allele

47
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

Missing protein that removes cholesterol from the blood; heart attack by age 50
Caused by a dominant allele

48
Q

Huntington Disease

A

Progressive mental and neurological damage; neurologic disorders by ages 40-70
Caused by a dominant allele
Late onset dominant trait; involuntary, uncoordinated movement, personality change, gradual intellectual decline, death
Vertical inheritance- affected individual has an affected parent

49
Q

Pedigree

A

Orderly diagram Of a family’s relevant genetic features; often features2-3 generations
Probability can be used to determine mode of inheritance

50
Q

Bombay Phenotype

A

there is not H on the RBC, which is a sugar polymer
Their genotype is homozygous recessive (hh) for the second gene and don’t make the H gene at all
They appear to have type O blood because there’s no way to add anything to it
Homozygosityfor the recessive h allele if the H - substance gene masks the effects of the ABO gene, making it epistatic

51
Q

Recessive Epistasis

A

Gene at one locus masks the expression of a gene at a second locus, so its phenotype isn’t exposed
I.e. LabradorRetrievers

52
Q

Labrader Retrievers - recessive epistasis

A

B_E_-Black
bbE_-Brown
_ ee - yellow
If it in herits the homozygous recessive genotype ofthe E gene, it will be yellow regardless of if it’s dominant or recessive
The recessive genotype at ee masks the phenotypic expression of the B gene
9/16 A_B
3/16 A_BB
3/16 aaB_
1/16 aabb
B allele determines pigment
E allele determines eumelinen production (Brown)
ee allele produces phomelanin (yellow)

53
Q

Reciprocal recessive epistasis

A

The dominant alleles of two genes together (A_B_) produce color or some other trait, while the other three genotype classes (A_bb, aaB_, and aabb) don’t
9:7 ratio
i.e. Sweet peas

54
Q

Dominant Epistasis

A

Epistasis can also be caused by a dominant allele
The presence of B hides the effects of either A_ or aa
Epistasis in which the dominant allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene
12:3:1 ratio

Genetics: From Genes To Genomes (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions