Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 3

Mass

Answer 3

measure of the quantity of matter (grams, kilograms)

Question 4

Weight

Answer 4

Force of gravity exerts on object

Question 5

Volume

Answer 5

Amount of space occupied by a substance

Question 6

List Classification of Matter

Answer 6

1) States of Matter
2) Composition of Matter

Question 7

List States of Matter

Answer 7

1) Solid
2) Liquid
3) Gas

Question 8

Solid

Answer 8

Matter with a fixed volume and rigid shape; organized; particles that lie close together

Question 9

Liquid

Answer 9

Matter retains volume but not its shape; particles are close but can move around randomly, sliding past each other

Question 10

Gas

Answer 10

Matter that does not retain its shape or volume; volume or shape; particles can move freely and separate at a distance larger than their size; expand to fill volume and assume any shape of the container

Question 11

Viewpoint of Matter

Answer 11

1) Macroscopic: see with naked eye
2) Microscopic: see with microscope (cells)
3) Nanoscopic: in range of nanometers; chemical structure (10^-9)

Question 12

Composition of Matter

Answer 12

1) Pure substances
a. Elements
b. Compounds
* Cant be separated by physical means
2) Mixtures
a. Heterogenous mixtures
b. Homogenous mixtures

Question 13

Pure Substances: Elements

Answer 13

Pure substance: a form of matter that has definite composition and distinct properties

Elements: cannot be broken into simpler substance by chemical means

Atoms: base unit of element that can enter into chemical combinations

Question 14

Pure Substances: Compounds

Answer 14

Pure substance: Form of matter that has definite composition and distinct properties

Compound: substance with atoms of two or more elements

Molecule: aggregate of at least two atoms

Question 15

Mixtures

Answer 15

Mixtures: combination of two or more pure substances that retain their distinct identities

Homogenous mixture: composition is uniform

Heterogenous: composition is not uniform

Question 16

Chemical vs Physical Change

Answer 16

Physical Change: Changes that occur in appearance or shape; states of matter; does not change chemical identity

Chemical Change: Changes chemical identity; atoms are rearranged, replaced or added to make new substances; not easily reversible
i.e. rust, burning natural gas, jewelry tarnish

Question 17

Physical vs Chemical properties

Answer 17

Physical property: substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance ie. MP, BP, solubility, color, odor

Chemical property: can not be observed without changing the identity to another substance

Question 18

Extensive Property vs Intensive property

Answer 18

Intensive property: DO NOT depend on matter in sample ie MP, BP, temperature, density

Extensive property: DEPENDS on matter in sample
i.e weight, mass, volume, mass

Question 19

Scientific Method

Answer 19

Systematic approach to research (obtain new info)
1) OBSERVATION
- My brake light to one side of my car is out.
2) HYPOTHESIS
- If I change the brake light with a new bulb, the brake light should turn on.
3) EXPERIMENT
Replace the bulb.
4) SUMMARIZE/CONCLUDE
The brake light did not light up.
5) REPEAT/ REFINE
There may be an electrical issue with the brake light connection. Will try to check if circuit for brake is producing voltage and replace socket if not. Then, try to screw in new bulb to see if brake light will turn on.

Question 20

Products of Scientific Method

Answer 20

Scientific Law: Concise verbal OR mathematical statement of a relationship that always occurs under the same condition

Scientific theory: unifying principle that explains a body of facts and laws based on them

Question 21

Qualitative or Quantitative

Answer 21

Qualitative: information that is not numerical
i.e. water is hot

Quantitative: information that is numerical and has a unit
i.e water is 50 mL

Question 22

What is the base unit for the Quantity Length

Answer 22

Meter (m)

Question 23

What is the base unit for the Quantity Mass

Answer 23

Grams (g)

Question 24

What is the base unit for the Quantity Volume

Answer 24

Liter (l)

Question 25

What is the base unit for the Quantity Time

Answer 25

Seconds (s)

Question 26

Which Prefixes are Smaller

Answer 26

deci-, centi-, milli, micro-, nano-

Question 27

Which prefixes are larger

Answer 27

kilo-, Mega-, Giga-

Question 28

Prefixes top to bottom

Answer 28

Giga-, Mega-, kilo-, deci-. centi-. milli, micro-, nano-

Question 29

Mass

Answer 29

measure of quantity of matter

Question 30

Volume

Answer 30

how much space something occupies

Question 31

Density

Answer 31

mass over volume

Question 32

Accuracy vs Precision

Answer 32

Accuracy: how close a measurement is to true value

Precision: how close a set of measurements to each other

Question 33

Significant figures

Answer 33

meaningful digits of in a measured or calculated quantity
1) ALL non zero digits are significant
2) all zeros between two non-zeros are significant
3) zeros after decimal point are significant
4) any zeros trailing without decimal IS NOT
5) Any zeros at beginning of number IS NOT

add or subtract: fewest decimal places
multiplication or division: fewest sig fig