Chapter 1 - Material Science Overview Flashcards
Property classifications of materials (6)
- mechanical
- electrical
- thermal
- magnetic
- optical
- deteriorative
mechanical properties
relate deformation to an applied load or force. ex: elastic modulus (stiffness), strength, toughness
electrical properties
stimulus is an electric field. ex: electrical conductivity, dielectric constant
thermal properties
stimulus is change of temperature ex: heat capacity, thermal conductivity
magnetic properties
demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field
optical properties
stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation ex: index of refraction, reflectivity
deteriorative properties
relate to the chemical reactivity of materials
Components involved in the design, production and utilization of materials (4)
processing, structure, properties, performance
Criteria in the material selection process (3)
- In service conditions
- deterioration of material properties
- economics
processing
how a material is made - the structure depends on this
performance
function of the processing
Classification of solid materials (3)
metals, ceramics, polymers
metals (definition)
composed of one or more metallic elements and often also nonmetallic elements in relatively small amounts
metals (structural characteristics)
arranged in a very orderly manner, and relatively dense
metals (mechanical characteristics)
relatively stiff and strong, yet ductile and resistant to fracture, good conductors, some magnetic properties
ceramics (definition)
compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements. ex: aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, porcelain, cement, glass
ceramics (mechanical characteristics)
relatively stiff and strong, lack of ductility, highly susceptible to fracture, insulate heat and electricity, heat resistant
polymers (definition)
plastic and rubber materials
polymers (structural characteristics)
organic compounds, large molecular structures, often chainlike in nature, backbone of carbon atoms (frequently)
polymers (mechanical characteristics)
low densities, not as stiff or strong as metallic or ceramic materials, ductile, pliable, inert chemically, tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, low electrical conductivities, nonmagnetic, optically translucent or transparent
composite
composed of two or more individual materials ex: bone, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
Advanced materials (4)
semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, nanomaterials
semiconductors
intermediate electrical properties, but extremely sensitive to minute concentrations of impurity atoms
biomaterials
employed in components implanted into the human body, must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues
smart materials
able to sense changes in their environment and respond to these changes in a predetermined manner
smart materials (components)
sensor, acutuator (performs a responsive and adaptive function)
nanomaterials
May be any one of the four basic types, not distinguished by chemical makeup, but by size (less than 100 nanometers).
nanotechnology
the ability to arrange atoms from the bottom to the top to create desired materials and properties
materials science tetrahedron
Structure, Processing, Properties, Performance
