Chapter 1- Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of structure
Physiology
the study of function
inspection
looking at the body’s appearance
palpation
feeling the structure with hands
auscultation
listening to natural sounds made bu the body, such as heart and lung sounds
percussion
the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sounds
dissection
carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationship
comparative anatomy
the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
exploratory surgery
opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong ad what could be done about it
medical imaging techniques
methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
radiology
the branch of medicine concerned with imaging
gross anatomy
structure that can be seen with the naked eye
histo
tissue
ultrastructure
refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope
palp
touch, feel
ation
process
auscult
listen
ana
apart
tom
cut
dis
apart
sect
cut
cadere
to fall down and die
logy
study of
cyto
cell
physio
nature
comparative physiology
the study of how different species ave solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction
hippocrates
c. 460- c. 375 BCE greek physician and considered to be the father of medicine. He established a code of ethics for physicians and urged physicians to stop attributing disease to activities of gods and demons and to seek their natural causes
Aristotle
384 - 322 BCE one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology
Claudius Galen
129 - c. 200 physician to the roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era
Andreas Vesalius
1514-64 famous for dissections and published the first atlas of anatomy
William Harvey
1578-1657 remembered for his studies of blood circulation
Robert Hooke
1635-1703 designed scientific instruments of various kinds
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723 invented a simple microscope
Matthias Schleiden (1804-81) & Theodor Schwann (1810 -82)
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells which became of first tenant of cell theory
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) & Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
are credited for putting science on the path to modernity
inductive method
process of making numerous observations until one fells confident in drawing generalizations and predication from them
scientific fact
information that can be independently verified by any trained person
law of nature
generalization about the predictable ways in which matter ad energy behave
theory
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
Charles Darwin (1809- 82)
most influential biologist who ever lived
evolution
change in the genetic composition of a population os organisms
natural selection
some individuals have hereditary over their competitors
selection pressures
natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others
adaptations
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures
scop
vision
organism
single, complete individual
organ system
group of organs with a unique collective function
organ
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
tissue
a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of n organ and performs a specific function
cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carryout individual functions
molecule
particle composed of at least two atoms
atoms
the smallest particles with unique chemical identities
reductionism
the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
what are the characteristics of life?
organization, cellular composition (living things have 1 + cells), metabolism, responsiveness and movement (the ability to sense and react to stimuli), reproduction, and evolution
homeostasis
the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
dynamic equilibrium
there is a certain set point for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around that
negative feedback
the process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it
receptor
structure that senses changes in the body
integrating (control) center
a mechanism that processes information, relates it to other available information, and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be
effector
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
positive feedback
self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
physiological gradient
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical change, physical pressure, temperature or other variable between one point and another
eponyms
terms coined from the names of people
word root (stem)
has the core meaning of the word
combining vowel
join roots and make words easier to pronounce
prefix
may be present to modify the core meaning of the word
suffix
added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning
unity of form and function
form and function complement each other; physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy
cell theory
all structure and function result from the activity of cells
evolution
the human body is the product of evolution
hierarchy of complexity
human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity
homeostasis
the purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable condition within the body
gradients and flow
matter and energy tend to flow down gradients such as differences in chemical concentration, pressure, temperature, and electrical charge. This accounts for much of their movement n human physiology.
