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Bio 141 > Chapter 1. Major Themes in Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1. Major Themes in Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is inspection?

A

To visually inspect the body aka what does it look like?

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2
Q

What is palpitation?

A

To feel/what does it feel like?

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3
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to the natural body sounds like heart beats or air in the lungs

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4
Q

What is percussion?

A

To tap the body to feel for abnormal resistance or noise

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5
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

The big picture aka can be seen by the naked eye through observation or imaging

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6
Q

What is dissection?

A

The careful separation of tissues and organs

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7
Q

What is histology?

A

Microscopic anatomy or looking at tissues under a microscope the opposite of gross anatomy

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8
Q

What is cytology?

A

The anatomy or study of cells and their structure function origin and pathology

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9
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of the anatomy of closely related species

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10
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of structure

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11
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of function or how the body works und can vary depending on age , sex, weight, activity level
Subcategories: neurophysiology, endocrinology’ pathophysiology

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12
Q

What is comparative physiology?

A

How the body works in closely related species. very important in biomedical research.

There is conservation of the genetic code meaning some of your genes use just like the genes it different species

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13
Q

The scientific method is based on what?

A

Assumptions and methods that wield reliable, objective, testable information about nature

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14
Q

What is the inductive method? (Anatomy)

A

Make numerous observations until you feel confident drawing generalization or predictions

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15
Q

What is the hypothetica- deductive method? (Physiology)

A

Ask questions and forming A hypothesis. * must be consistent with what is known- must be testable and able to be falsified written as an if then statement

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16
Q

What are the elements of experimental design?

A

Sample size, controls, variables,, experimenter bias, statistical testing

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17
Q

What is sample size?

A

Number of subjects in a study. Must he sufficiently large and defends on the experiment past, statistical parameters

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18
Q

War is ad independent variable?

A

Manipulated by scientist

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19
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The outcome of data. This variable changes based on the independent variable, its what you’re measuring.

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20
Q

Standardized variables?

A

Variable that are kept constant from one test of the next

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21
Q

What are controls?

A

The placebo group. Treated same way as treatment group but is missing treatment

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22
Q

What is the double blind method?

A

no one but the primary researcher knows who is setting the placebo and who is part of the experimental group, controls for experimenter bias

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23
Q

What Are statistical tests?

A

Tools to help scientists draw conclusions about a population based on sample data

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24
Q

What is peer review?

A

Critical evaluation by other experts in that field

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25
Q

What is a scientific fact?

A

Information that can be independently verified

26
Q

What is the law of nature?

A

Prediction of how matter and energy behave.

Gas laws (ex.PV =nrt )

27
Q

What is a theory?

A

Ideas that have been tested multiple times by many different scientists in many different fields und everyone comes to the same conclusion.

Explanatory statements derived from facts
Laws and experimentation

*the how= describes how things happen

28
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are made of cells

29
Q

What is the theory of natural selection?

A

Evolutionary changes in due genetic composition of a population of organisms due to mutation of dna.

Nature chooses which is best = hereditary advantage over competitors

30
Q

What is a law?

A

The what=describes what is happening,

31
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Features that are either anatomical or physiological that have evolved due to selective pressures that enable an organism to better cope in an environment

Eyes face forward-better for stereoscopic vision and hand eye coordination

32
Q

What is bipedalism?

A

Walk on two feet

33
Q

What is the hierarchy of complexity?

A

Humans have a hierarchy of complexity: organism, organic tissues,cells, organelles, molecules and lastly is atoms

34
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organism is a complete individual made up of organ systems’ which are groups of organs with unique collective functions

35
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest or most basic unit of an organism.

Enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins.

36
Q

What is life?

A

No great definition only A collection of properties that all living things possess to some extent.

37
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all the internal chemical reactions

38
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The ability to sense and react to stimuli (changes in the environment).

39
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions like temperature blood pressure, body weight etc.

The body detects change and activates mechanisms to oppose it thereby by maintaining stable conditions in spite of environment.

Internal conditions fluctuate within a limited
Range aka dynamic equilibrium und there is a set point or average value that conditions fluctuate around

40
Q

What are the two processes of development?

A

Development is any change in the form or function over the lifetime of an organism.

Differentiation: transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.

Growth: an increase in size.

41
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Passing on genes to new younger offspring.

42
Q

What is evolution?

A

Genetic changes seen in gene pool as a whole from generation to generation

43
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A

Keeps a variable close to its set point. It’s a process where the body senses a change(movement away from set point) and tries to negate or reverse it.

44
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Structure that senses a change in the body

45
Q

What is the integrating or control center?

A

Processes the information, relates it to other available information and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be

46
Q

What is the effector?

A

The cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action

47
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Self amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction rather than producing corrective effects like the negative feedback loops.
Ex: blood clotting, birth contractions
Can be harmful or life threatening because it changes far from set point

48
Q

What is a physiological gradient?

A

The difference between two points. Can be chemical concentration , temperature, pressure etc
Energy and matter flow down gradients from higher concentration to lower.
Movement in the opposite direction is up the gradient( usually needs energy input)

49
Q

Meaning of root: cardi- -

A

Heart ex: cardiac or cardiology

50
Q

Meaning of root: osteo-

A

Bone ex: osteoporosis

51
Q

Meaning of root: osteo-

A

Bone ex: osteoporosis

52
Q

Meaning of root: epi-

A

Upon, above ex: epidermis

53
Q

Meaning of root: myo

A

Muscle ex: myoglobin

54
Q

Meaning of root: bucco

A

Cheek ex: buccal

55
Q

Meaning of root: cervi

A

Neck or narrow part ex: cervical

56
Q

Meaning of root: secto

A

Cut ex: dissection

57
Q

Meaning of root: secto

A

Cut ex: dissection

58
Q

Meaning of root: gastro

A

Stomach ex: gastroenterology

59
Q

Meaning of root: para

A

Next to ex: parathyroid

60
Q

Meaning of root: circ

A

About or around

Bio 141 (2 decks)

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