Chapter 1. Laboratory Animal Medicine: Historical Perspectives Flashcards
1
Q
Define “Comparative Medicine”.
A
The study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things.
2
Q
Define “Animal Experimentation”.
A
The scientific study of animals, usually in a laboratory, for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems. Most commonly, experimentation is carried out by or under the direction of persons holding research or professional degrees.
3
Q
Define “Laboratory Animal Care”.
A
The application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to the management, nutrition, breeding, and diseases. Usually provided under veterinary supervision or guidance.
4
Q
Define “Laboratory Animal Medicine”.
A
Recognized by the AVMA as the specialty within the field of veterinary medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities.
5
Q
Define “Laboratory Animal Science”.
A
The body of scientific and technical information, knowledge, and skills that bears on both laboratory animal care and laboratory animal medicine. (Roughly analogous to “animal science” in the agricultural sector.
6
Q
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
A
Greek philosopher-physician; founder of biology; first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals.
7
Q
Erasistratus (304-250 BC)
A
Probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established in pigs that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic organs.
8
Q
Galen (AD 130-200)
A
Performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species, prior to dark ages where dogma replaced scientific investigation.
9
Q
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
A
Founder of modern anatomy; used dogs and pigs in public anatomy demonstrations - “vivisection”.
10
Q
Sir William Harvey
A
In 1628 published his great work on the movement of the heart and blood in animals.
11
Q
Stephen Hales
A
In the early 1700s, reported the first measurement of blood pressure; used a horse as his subject.
12
Q
Francois Magendie (1783-1855)
A
Experimental physiology.
13
Q
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
A
Experimental physiology. Important to choose the appropriate animal for the physiological or pathological question.
14
Q
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
A
Studied infectious diseases in silkworms (pebrine - pepper), dogs (rabies), and sheep (anthrax). Demonstrated the parasite that caused pebrine. Perceived that the study of animal diseases benefited animals and enhanced the understanding of human diseases and pathology.
15
Q
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)
A
Established in England. In the 1860s, came to New York, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts.
16
Q
D. E. Salmon
A
First DVM degree awarded in U.S. (Cornell in 1879). Studied bacterial diseases and Salmonella was named after him.
17
Q
Cooper Curtice
A
Demonstrated that arthropods can act as carriers of mammalian diseases - studied bovine Texas fever.
18
Q
Theobald Smith
A
Demonstrated that arthropods can act as carriers of mammalian diseases - studied bovine Texas fever.
19
Q
William H. Welch
A
Published the first paper from Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine: Preliminary Report of Investigations Concerning the Causation of Hog Cholera (1889). Clostridium welchii named for him.
20
Q
John Call Dalton (1825-1889)
A
American physiologist. Spent a year in Bernard’s lab in 1850, and then included live animal demonstrations in his teaching at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in NYC - the forerunner of “animal labs” in schools.
21
Q
Alexis Carrel
A
Nobel prize in 1912 for joining blood vessels. Citation mentioned the lessons learned from animal experimentation.
22
Q
Simon Brimhall (1863-1941)
A
In 1915, joined the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN as the first veterinarian to fill a position in lab animal medicine at an American medical research institution.
23
Q
Louis B. Wilson
A
Chief of surgical pathology at Mayo Clinic. Around 1910 unsuccessful attempt to convert his barn into a space of animal experimetation.
24
Q
William J. Mayo
A
In 1914, actively encouraged the creation of the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology at the Mayo Clinic, the first real research lab there.
25
Frank C. Mann
Young medical scientist put in charge of heading the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology. Hired Dr. Brimhall within a year.
26
Christopher Graham (MD & VMD)
Head of Mayo Clinic Division of Medicine. Greatly influenced hiring of Dr. Brimhall.
27
John G. Hardebergh (1892-1963)
Succeeded Dr. Brimhall as Mayo Clinic veterinarian when Dr. Brimhall retired in 1922. Served for 5 years. Good communication skills in defense of animal experimentation.
28
Carl F. Schlotthauser (1893-1959)
Joined Mayo Clinic in 1924 as assistant in veterinary medicine, and succeeded Dr. Hardenbergh in 1927. Became head of the Section of Veterinary Medicine at the Mayo Foundation (1952) and professor of veterinary medicine at the University of Minnesota Graduate School (1945). Leader in adoption of Minnesota "Pound Law" (1950). Served on board of directors of Minnesota SPCA and a founding member on the board of directors of AALAS. Presented a paper on animal procurement at first AALAS meeting in 1950.
29
Minnesota Pound Law (1950)
A law authorizing the requisitioning for research and education by approved scientific institutions of impounded, but unclaimed dogs and cats.
30
Karl F. Meyer (1884-1974)
Authored an early review of laboratory animal disease (1928). Developed a model animal facility at George Williams Hooper Foundation at the University of CA, San Francisco; served 30 years as director (1924-1954). Figured in the planning that led the University of CA to create the position of "state veterinarian" in 1953. Received the Charles A. Griffin Award of AALAS in 1959.
31
Bernice Eddy, PhD
Associate of Karl F. Meyer. Supervised the University of CA, San Francisco animal facility when Dr. Meyer was away.
32
Charles A. Griffin (1889-1955)
Bacteriologist at NY State Board of Health from 1919-1954. Pioneered concept of "disease-free" animal colonies. In 1940s, used progeny testing to establish a rabbit colony free of pasteurellosis. Showed that Salmonella can be transmitted in meal meal - led feed manufacturers to improve processing of lab animal diets to eliminate Salmonella contamination. AALAS Charles A. Griffin award established, received first award posthumously in 1955. Griffin Laboratory at the NY State Board of Health is also named for him.
33
Nathan R. Brewer (1904-2009)
Headed the laboratory animal facilities at University of Chicago from 1945-1969. Approached by Anton J. Carlson and A.B. Luckhardt to run facility in 1935, but took until 1945 to overcome opposition from other researchers. Founder and first president of AALAS (1950-1955). "Father figure" to other veterinarians employed in research in Chicago area between 1945-1949. Received AALAS Griffin award in 1962. AALAS began annual Nathan Brewer Scientific Achievement Award in 1994. Received ACLAM lifetime achievement award in 2005, this award subsequently became the ACLAM's Nathan R. Brewer Career Achievement Award in 2006.
34
Bennett Cohen (1925-1990)
Director of University of California, LA vivarium. Recruited to U of M where he founded ULAM and was director for 23 years. Obtained rank of Professor of Laboratory Animal Medicine in 1968. Career of caring for animals in research began at Northwestern University in 1949. A year later, he and colleagues in the Chicago area founded the Animal Care Panel (ACP), which later became AALAS. He was the association's first secretary, a board of trustees member, and later president. Convinced the AVMA to accept the veterinary specialty of laboratory animal medicine. In 1963, chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the document that later became The Guide. Received AALAS Griffin award (1966), AVMA Charles River Prize (1980), ICLAS Muhlbock Award (1990). In 1991, AAALAC International bestowed an award in his name, the Bennett J. Cohen Educational Leadership Award. Established the Core Facility for Aged Rodents (CFAR) at U of M. Originally received an NIH training grant at UCLA in 1960, and transferred this to U of M in 1962.
35
Thomas Clarkson
Worked in pharmaceutical industry for 3 years, then recruited to Wake Forest Medical School (Bowman Gray) as vivarium director and assistant professor of Experimental Medicine. Chairman of Department of Comparative Medicine from 1967-1979. Women's health research with NHPs, including effects of cholesterol on atherosclerosis, social behavior on primate health, stress as a contributor to heart disease, heart disease in postmenopausal female monkeys. Awards: AALAS Griffin Award, AVMA Charles River Prize, Albert B. Sabin Heroes of Science Award, ACLAM Mentor Award. One of the few veterinarians to be elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science. Played pivotal role in promoting formal guidelines for training veterinarians in lab animal medicine.
36
National Antivivisection Society
Based in Chicago. Distributed literature for abolition of animal research in Illinois and elsewhere in 1940s.
37
Orphans of the Storm
Humane society with strong antivivisection outlook. Founded by Irene Castle McLaughlin.
38
Irene Castle McLaughlin
Famous dancer in WWI era. Founder of Orphans of the Storm. Appointed to Animal Advisory Committee of the Arvey Ordinance. Removed dog from Northwestern Medical School during an inspection, with citizens arrest of Dr. Andrew C. Ivy and Dr. J. Roscoe Miller.
39
Arvey Ordinance
Permitted medical schools in Chicago to obtain unclaimed dogs and cats from the public pound.
40
Andrew C. Ivy
Professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Northwestern. Citizen's arrest by Irene C. McLaughlin.
41
J. Roscoe Miller
Dean of Northwestern Medical School. Citizen's arrest by Irene C. McLaughlin.
42
William Randolph Hearst
Published antivivisection sentiments in Chicago Herald-Examiner. Friends with Irene C. McLaughlin and actress Marion Davies.
43
National Society for Medical Research (NSMR).
Founded in 1946 by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Formed in response to concerns about antivivisectionist movements and to educate the public about animal research. Headquarters in Chicago, with Anton J. Carlson as the first president. In late 1940s, provided legal counsel to several scientists attacked by the Hearst press, including Nathan Brewer. The Hearst publications agreed to stop publishing statements damaging the reputations of these scientists (libel).
44
Anton J. Carlson
First president of the National Society for Medical Research (NSMR). Approached Nathan R. Brewer to run University of Chicago animal facility.
45
Robert Gesell
Professor and chairman of U of M Department of Physiology (1923-1954). Initially supported formation of NSMR, but did not agree with Dr. Carlson's pound legislation. Asked that controversial statement about humane use of animals be entered into minutes of a 1952 American Physiological Society (APS) meeting.
46
Maurice Visscher
Professor and chairman of Department of Physiology at University of Minnesota. Made a motion at 1952 APS meeting that a statement be put into the minutes that "Dr. Gessell made a statement concerning animal experimentation which criticize physiologists and the NSMR and that the statement had been challenged".
47
Christine Stevens
Robert Gessell's daughter. Founder and president of the Animal Welfare Institute (president since 1950). Has published critical commentary on NSMR and AALAS (1960s-1970s).
48
National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)
Merging of National Society for Medical Research (NSMR) and the Association of Biomedical Research (founded in 1979). Founded in 1980s.
49
Edward C. Melby
First president of NABR.
50
Scientists' Center for Animal Welfare
Formed in 1978 to contribute scientific perspectives to laboratory animal welfare.
51
The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
Founded in 1950 as the Animal Care Panel. First meeting November 28, 1950. First president Nathan Brewer (president 1950-1955). First Guide - Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care (1963) was developed under ACP auspices. Changed name to AALAS in 1967. Born of Chicago area monthly meetings of Nathan R. Brewer (U of Chicago), Elihu Bond (University of Illinois), Bennett J. Cohen (Northwestern University), Robert J. Flynn (Argonne National Laboratory), and Robert J. Schroeder (Hektoen Institute for Medical Research of Cook County Hospital). Special meetings also included C.F. Schlotthauser (Mayo Clinic), Charles A. Slanetz (Central Animal Facility at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University), Harry Herrlein (Rockland Farm, New City, NY - rodent and rabbit breeding facility), C.N.W. Cumming (Carworth Farms, New City, NY - rodent breeding facility), and W.T.S. Thorp (chief of Laboratory Aids Branch, NIH).
52
Proceedings of the Animal Care Panel
By 1955, original research was being presented at the yearly ACP meetings. In 1963, these Proceedings became the scientific journal Laboratory Animal Care. In 1971, it was renamed Laboratory Animal Science.
53
Joseph J. Garvey
In 1960, first full time secretary of the Animal Care Panel.
54
George Collins (1917-1974)
Laboratory animal technician; supervisor at Argonne National Laboratory, Rockefeller University, the AMA Education and Research Foundation, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Founding member of AALAS. Received AALAS Animal Technician Award in 1963. In 1967, edited the first edition of the AALAS Manual for Animal Laboratory Technicians.
55
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR)
Started full time operation in 1953 as the Institute of Animal Resources, after established based on recommendation from the Committee on Animal Resources at NRC, Paul Weiss. In 1956, renamed Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. In 1997, renamed Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Historically headed by an executive secretary (now the director) with oversight from an advisory council and executive committee that is appointed with NAS-NRC procedures.
56
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Private organization with a federal charter. Since 1863, has been the principal advisor to the federal government on matters related to science and science policy.
57
Paul Weiss
When chairman of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council (the NAS advisory arm), appointed a Committee on Animal Resources in 1952. Appointed Clarence Cook Little to be chairman.
58
Clarence Cook Little
Geneticist and founder of the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine). Chairman of the Committee on Animal Resources within the NRC.
59
Committee on Animal Resources.
Founded by Paul Weiss in 1952. Recommended the establishment of an Institute of Animal Resources (ILAR).
60
Orson Eaton
Geneticist from the Bureau of Animal Industry. First executive secretary of ILAR.
61
Berton F. Hill
Second executive secretary of ILAR. During Hill's tenure (1955-1965), ILAR became established as the major standards development organization within laboratory animal science.
62
Robert H. Yager
Third executive secretary of ILAR. One of the founding fathers of ILAR, having served on the Committee on Animal Resources in 1952. Developed the first guidelines for education and training in lab animal medicine, published an important national survey of US animal facilities, and enlarged US participation in international laboratory animal activities through the support of ICLAS - then known as the International Committee on Laboratory Animals. In 1962, the executive committees of ILAR and AALAS agreed on a division of responsibility that solidified ILAR's role in standards development.
63
ILAR Journal
First published in 1990. Quarterly, theme-oriented publication.
64
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
Veterinary medical specialty field recognition began in 1951 when the AVMA established the American Board of Veterinary Public Health and the American College of Veterinary Pathologists. Lab animal medicine received same recognition in 1957, with the American Board of Laboratory Animal Medicine and 18 charter fellows. Changed name to ACLAM in 1961 and changed "fellows" to "diplomats".
3 Objectives: 1) encourage education, training, and research in laboratory animal medicine, 2) establish standards of training and experience for qualification of specialists, 3) certify specialists by examination.
65
Committee on the Medical Care of Laboratory Animals
On June 23, 1952, 34 vets meet during the AVMA meeting to consider the role of vets in lab animal care. Nathan R. Brewer - chairman, Mark Morris - vice chairman, and W.T.S. Thorp - secretary. Decision was made to organize programs of special interest to lab animal vets during future AVMA meetings. In 1956, the committee disbanded in favor of the American Board of Laboratory Animal Medicine and a new specialty was born.
66
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP)
Founded in 1966. Promotes the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge, ideas, and information among veterinarians and vet students having an interest in lab animal medicine. In 1967, recognized as an ancillary organization of the AVMA. In 1971, attained sufficient membership to be recognized as a Constituent Allied Veterinary Organization and to have a seat in the AVMA House of Delegates.
67
Veterinary Student Liaison Committee (VSLC)
ASLAP committee with a faculty representative at every North American veterinary school to increase awareness of the field and provide career information to vet students.
68
Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV)
Held its first meeting in 1973 as the Association of Primate Veterinary Clinicians, and limited membership to vets who spent 50% of their time providing direct care to NHPs. Today has over 400 members and provides a forum for the dissemination of info relating to the health and welfare of NHPs. Has published a formulary and guidance documents on subjects such as food restriction, humane endpoints, anesthesia, and analgesia.
69
International Association of Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine
Founded in 2006. Includes ACLAM, the European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, the Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, and the Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. Member of the World Veterinary Association. Develops global standards for lab animal care and promotes the 3Rs.
70
Physiology Training Committee, within Division of General Medical Sciences (later National Institute of General Medical Sciences)
Accepted first applications to establish a few research training programs in lab animal medicine. Drs. Howard Jenerick and J.H.U. Brown, both physiologists, were secretaries. Dr. T.C. Ruch (professor and chairman in Department of Physiology, University of Washington) and Dr. Wallace O. Fenn (professor and chairman of Department of Physiology, University of Rochester), were the committee chairmen. In 1964, and ILAR-sponsored workshop was held to create educational guidelines for training programs.
71
Bowman Gray Medical School Training Program
Established in January 1960, first lab animal training program. Directed by Thomas B. Clarkson.
72
UCLA Medical School Training Program
Established in July 1960, second lab animal training program. Moved to U of M with Bennett Cohen in 1962.
73
University of Michigan Training Program
Established in 1962 when Bennett Cohen moved from UCLA.
74
Trainings Programs Following Bowman Gray and UCLA/U of Mich
Tulane University - 1963, K.F. Burns
Stanford University - 1965, O.A. Soave
University of Florida - 1965, A.F. Moreland
Johns Hopkins University - 1968, E.C. Melby
University of Missouri - 1968, C.C. Middleton
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland and Brooks Air Force Base, Texas were first military training sites.
Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center - mid-1960s, Robert F. Locke; due to encouragement from Jules S. Cass
75
Division of Comparative Medicine within the NIH's Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)
As of 2011, provides support for postdoctoral training courses.
76
The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit
The first ACLAM-sponsored text, published in 1974. Robert Flatt (Iowa State University), Alan Kraus (University of Rochester) and Steven Weisbroth (State University of New York) were recruited to create the text in 1969.
77
February 4, 1966 Issue of Life Magazine
Headline of "Concentration Camps for Lost and Stolen Pets: Your Dog Is in Cruel Danger". Used by HSUS, Society for Animal Protective Legislation, and the Animal Welfare Institute to generate public interests in their cause for legislation to curb alleged pet stealing and abuse of animals in labs.
78
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)
Established in 1965. In the mid-1990s, assumed a more international role and, in 1996, renamed to Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International).
79
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
Passed by Congress in 1966. Principal purposes were to regulate commercial traffic in dogs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters, and to establish standards for their housing and transportation and for adequate veterinary care. This act was administered under the USDA. Established a legal requirement for scientific institutions to provide appropriate care by or under the direction of a veterinarian. Changed name to Animal Welfare Act.
80
Guide to the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
First edition published in 1963 as the Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care, as developed by the Standards Committee of the ACP. Revised several times by ILAR's Committee on Revision of the Guide. Since 1979, NIH and other granting agencies require assurance of compliance with the Guide for institutions to receive funding. Also the basis of accreditation by AAALAC.
81
Good Laboratory Practices
Developed in 1978 by the FDA. Regulations for the conduct of animal experiments relating to new or existing pharmaceutical medicinal substances, food additives, or other chemicals. Specifies the need for adequate diagnosis, treatment, and control of diseases in animals used in such studies.
82
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986
Revised in 2013 in response to European Union Directive 2010/63; now the governing legislation in the UK. Requires 3 types of licenses:
1) A personal license for those who carry out procedures on animals
2) A project license
3) An establishment license
83
British Laboratory Animals Veterinary Association
Established in 1963. Affiliated with the British Veterinary Association.
84
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
Established in 1968. Assesses animal care in Canadian research labs based on the Guide. In addition, 7 of 10 Canadian provinces have laws that apply to the requisition or use of animals in research in those provinces.
85
Harry Rowsell
Played an instrumental role in founding the CCAC.
86
Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876
Until 1986, governed the use of animals in the UK.
