Chapter 1. Laboratory Animal Medicine: Historical Perspectives Flashcards
Define “Comparative Medicine”.
The study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things.
Define “Animal Experimentation”.
The scientific study of animals, usually in a laboratory, for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems. Most commonly, experimentation is carried out by or under the direction of persons holding research or professional degrees.
Define “Laboratory Animal Care”.
The application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to the management, nutrition, breeding, and diseases. Usually provided under veterinary supervision or guidance.
Define “Laboratory Animal Medicine”.
Recognized by the AVMA as the specialty within the field of veterinary medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities.
Define “Laboratory Animal Science”.
The body of scientific and technical information, knowledge, and skills that bears on both laboratory animal care and laboratory animal medicine. (Roughly analogous to “animal science” in the agricultural sector.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Greek philosopher-physician; founder of biology; first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals.
Erasistratus (304-250 BC)
Probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established in pigs that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic organs.
Galen (AD 130-200)
Performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species, prior to dark ages where dogma replaced scientific investigation.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Founder of modern anatomy; used dogs and pigs in public anatomy demonstrations - “vivisection”.
Sir William Harvey
In 1628 published his great work on the movement of the heart and blood in animals.
Stephen Hales
In the early 1700s, reported the first measurement of blood pressure; used a horse as his subject.
Francois Magendie (1783-1855)
Experimental physiology.
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Experimental physiology. Important to choose the appropriate animal for the physiological or pathological question.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Studied infectious diseases in silkworms (pebrine - pepper), dogs (rabies), and sheep (anthrax). Demonstrated the parasite that caused pebrine. Perceived that the study of animal diseases benefited animals and enhanced the understanding of human diseases and pathology.
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)
Established in England. In the 1860s, came to New York, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts.
D. E. Salmon
First DVM degree awarded in U.S. (Cornell in 1879). Studied bacterial diseases and Salmonella was named after him.
Cooper Curtice
Demonstrated that arthropods can act as carriers of mammalian diseases - studied bovine Texas fever.
Theobald Smith
Demonstrated that arthropods can act as carriers of mammalian diseases - studied bovine Texas fever.
William H. Welch
Published the first paper from Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine: Preliminary Report of Investigations Concerning the Causation of Hog Cholera (1889). Clostridium welchii named for him.
John Call Dalton (1825-1889)
American physiologist. Spent a year in Bernard’s lab in 1850, and then included live animal demonstrations in his teaching at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in NYC - the forerunner of “animal labs” in schools.
Alexis Carrel
Nobel prize in 1912 for joining blood vessels. Citation mentioned the lessons learned from animal experimentation.
Simon Brimhall (1863-1941)
In 1915, joined the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN as the first veterinarian to fill a position in lab animal medicine at an American medical research institution.
Louis B. Wilson
Chief of surgical pathology at Mayo Clinic. Around 1910 unsuccessful attempt to convert his barn into a space of animal experimetation.
William J. Mayo
In 1914, actively encouraged the creation of the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology at the Mayo Clinic, the first real research lab there.
Frank C. Mann
Young medical scientist put in charge of heading the Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology. Hired Dr. Brimhall within a year.
Christopher Graham (MD & VMD)
Head of Mayo Clinic Division of Medicine. Greatly influenced hiring of Dr. Brimhall.
John G. Hardebergh (1892-1963)
Succeeded Dr. Brimhall as Mayo Clinic veterinarian when Dr. Brimhall retired in 1922. Served for 5 years. Good communication skills in defense of animal experimentation.
Carl F. Schlotthauser (1893-1959)
Joined Mayo Clinic in 1924 as assistant in veterinary medicine, and succeeded Dr. Hardenbergh in 1927. Became head of the Section of Veterinary Medicine at the Mayo Foundation (1952) and professor of veterinary medicine at the University of Minnesota Graduate School (1945). Leader in adoption of Minnesota “Pound Law” (1950). Served on board of directors of Minnesota SPCA and a founding member on the board of directors of AALAS. Presented a paper on animal procurement at first AALAS meeting in 1950.
Minnesota Pound Law (1950)
A law authorizing the requisitioning for research and education by approved scientific institutions of impounded, but unclaimed dogs and cats.
Karl F. Meyer (1884-1974)
Authored an early review of laboratory animal disease (1928). Developed a model animal facility at George Williams Hooper Foundation at the University of CA, San Francisco; served 30 years as director (1924-1954). Figured in the planning that led the University of CA to create the position of “state veterinarian” in 1953. Received the Charles A. Griffin Award of AALAS in 1959.
Bernice Eddy, PhD
Associate of Karl F. Meyer. Supervised the University of CA, San Francisco animal facility when Dr. Meyer was away.
Charles A. Griffin (1889-1955)
Bacteriologist at NY State Board of Health from 1919-1954. Pioneered concept of “disease-free” animal colonies. In 1940s, used progeny testing to establish a rabbit colony free of pasteurellosis. Showed that Salmonella can be transmitted in meal meal - led feed manufacturers to improve processing of lab animal diets to eliminate Salmonella contamination. AALAS Charles A. Griffin award established, received first award posthumously in 1955. Griffin Laboratory at the NY State Board of Health is also named for him.
Nathan R. Brewer (1904-2009)
Headed the laboratory animal facilities at University of Chicago from 1945-1969. Approached by Anton J. Carlson and A.B. Luckhardt to run facility in 1935, but took until 1945 to overcome opposition from other researchers. Founder and first president of AALAS (1950-1955). “Father figure” to other veterinarians employed in research in Chicago area between 1945-1949. Received AALAS Griffin award in 1962. AALAS began annual Nathan Brewer Scientific Achievement Award in 1994. Received ACLAM lifetime achievement award in 2005, this award subsequently became the ACLAM’s Nathan R. Brewer Career Achievement Award in 2006.
Bennett Cohen (1925-1990)
Director of University of California, LA vivarium. Recruited to U of M where he founded ULAM and was director for 23 years. Obtained rank of Professor of Laboratory Animal Medicine in 1968. Career of caring for animals in research began at Northwestern University in 1949. A year later, he and colleagues in the Chicago area founded the Animal Care Panel (ACP), which later became AALAS. He was the association’s first secretary, a board of trustees member, and later president. Convinced the AVMA to accept the veterinary specialty of laboratory animal medicine. In 1963, chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the document that later became The Guide. Received AALAS Griffin award (1966), AVMA Charles River Prize (1980), ICLAS Muhlbock Award (1990). In 1991, AAALAC International bestowed an award in his name, the Bennett J. Cohen Educational Leadership Award. Established the Core Facility for Aged Rodents (CFAR) at U of M. Originally received an NIH training grant at UCLA in 1960, and transferred this to U of M in 1962.
