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Psychology > Chapter 1 - Keywords > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable we deliberately cause, something that causes something to happen

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

A variable that we measure

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3
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Any variable other than IV that particularly affects the DV and mixes up the results. We need to control the effect of these to establish cause and effect relationships

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4
Q

Participant Variables

A

Factors with a person that can vary over time or vary with a situation, plus factors that differ between people e.g age, gender, ethnicity

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5
Q

Situational Variable

A

Factors that can vary in the environment e.g noise, temperature, number of people.

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6
Q

Repeated measures

A

Same participants are used in each condition so that the results are down to their own control.

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7
Q

What is the advantages of using a Repeated measures design?

2

A

◦ There’s no participant variables

◦ You need fewer people total for experiments.

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8
Q

What is the disadvantages of using a Repeated measures design?

(2)

A

◦ It may effect the experiment due to the participants have fatigue, boredom.
◦ Participants may guess the aim due to demand
characteristics.

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9
Q

Independent Design

A

Use different participants, assigning them to each experiment place.

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10
Q

What is the advantages of using an Independent measures design?

(2)

A

◦ No order due to participant only completing one condition.

◦ Less likely of demand characteristics taking place

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11
Q

What is the disadvantage of using an Independent measures design?

A

◦ Requires more participants to complete the experiments.

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12
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise prediction of what is going to happen

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13
Q

Alternative/experimental Hypothesis

A

That there will be (A) significant difference

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14
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

That there will be (NO) significant difference

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15
Q

Matched Pairs

A

Participant are paired with another in various conditions for participant variables in the study e,g intelligence, gender, age

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16
Q

What is the advantages of using matched pairs?

2

A

◦ Avoids order effects

◦ Fewer participants variables because of pairs and match groups

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17
Q

What is the disadvantage of using matched pairs?

A

◦ It’s time consuming finding pairs

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18
Q

Falsification

A

As a science psychology should always produce precise, operationalised hypotheses that can be proven false

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19
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Varying the order of participants e.g AB/BA

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20
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Hints, clues from the environment or psychologists that may influence participants behaviour or help them guess the aim.

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21
Q

Target Population

A

The group of people the researcher is interested and can generalise findings for this group.

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22
Q

Sampling

A

The selected participants taken from the target population that we use in our research.

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23
Q

Sampling Methods

A

Technique used to choose our sample from the target population

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24
Q

Representativeness

A

The extent to which our sample reflects the characteristics of our target population

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25
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which the sample has similar characteristics to the target population

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26
Q

What is the advantage of using random sampling?

A

◦ The method which is most likely to gain a representative sample

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27
Q

What is the disadvantages of using random sampling?

2

A

◦ Time consuming

◦ Participants may not want to take part resulting in samples becoming biased

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28
Q

Opportunity Sampling

A

Participants that are most easily available at the time

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29
Q

What is the advantage of using Opportunity sampling?

A

◦ The easiest method as it is time effective and cost effective to locate participants

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30
Q

What is the disadvantage of using Opportunity sampling?

2

A

◦ Likely to produce biased samples
◦ Participants would probably have to have similar characteristics, making it unable to generalise our results to the target population

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31
Q

Self - selected Sampling

A

Participants have volunteered themselves

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32
Q

What is the advantage of using Opportunity sampling?

3

A

◦ Can reduce participant attention (drop out rate) due to them getting involved them- selves
◦ Easier to gain consent due to their obvious willingness.
◦ Easy to advertise and for them to contact you

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33
Q

What is the disadvantage of using Opportunity sampling?

A

◦ Participants are likely to have similar characteristics meaning samples is more biased

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34
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

Initial participants are used to generate other participants e.g their friends (word of mouth)

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35
Q

What is the advantage of using Snowball sampling?

A

◦ Can help researchers identify participants that are difficult to locate e.g gamblers or addicts

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36
Q

What is the disadvantage of using Snowball sampling?

A

◦ Sample is likely to be biased making it difficult to generalise results to the target population

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37
Q

Laboratory Experiment

A

IV is manipulated in a controlled environment.

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38
Q

What is the advantages of using a Laboratory Experiment?

2

A

◦ We have high control over extraneous variables, making it easier to establish cause and effect.
◦ Easy to replicate as the environment is controlled.

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39
Q

What is the disadvantages of using a Laboratory Experiment?

2

A

◦ The environment may be artificial meaning low ecological validity.
◦ participants may realise what we are studying, creating a demand characteristic.

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40
Q

Field Experiment

A

IV is manipulated in a everyday/natural setting.

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41
Q

What is the advantages of using a Field Experiment?

2

A

◦ Environment is less artificial to high ecological validity.
◦ Participants may be less likely to relate to what we are studying, resulting to fewer demand characteristics.

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42
Q

What is the disadvantages of using a Field Experiment?

2

A

◦ Reduces control over extraneous variables.

◦ Participants are often unaware that they are being studied, breaking ethical guidelines.

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43
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

Experiment does not manipulate the IV and it is typically naturally occurring.

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44
Q

What is the advantage of using a Quasi Experiment?

A

◦ Allow us to research an IV we could not ethically manipulate

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45
Q

What is the disadvantage of using a Quasi Experiment?

A

◦ Can limit the amount of control over extraneous variables.

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46
Q

Observation Method

A

Systematically watching and taking direct records of participants verbal and physical behaviour

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47
Q

What is the advantage of using an observational method?

A

◦ We are able to see what participants do rather than what they say they do

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48
Q

What is the disadvantage of using an observational method?

A

◦ While we can see what they are doing, we cannot guess why and would need a self report

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49
Q

Coding Frames

A

A list of behavioural categories e.g tally charts

50
Q

Behavioural Categories

A

Dividing behaviour into categories in a structural conservation. Good categories are precise and operationalised and will give us quantitative data.

51
Q

Observer Bias

A

When we lose our objectivity and see what we want or were expecting to see.

52
Q

Ecological Validity

A

When the presence of a observer creates a demand characteristic which then can influence the participant behaviour.

53
Q

Covert Observation

A

Observing a participants behaviour without their knowledge

54
Q

What is the advantage of a covert observation?

A

◦ Participants are more likely to behave naturally in a covert observation

55
Q

What is the disadvantage of a covert observation?

A

◦ Observing without their knowledge breaks the consent description, right to withdraw and privacy ethical guidelines (unless its a public place.

56
Q

Overt Observation

A

A participant is aware that we are observing their behaviour

57
Q

What is the advantage of an overt observation?

A

◦ Ethical as it avoids the issues above

58
Q

What is the disadvantage of an overt observation?

A

◦ Likely to introduce a demand characteristic (observer effect), causing participant to change their behaviour.

59
Q

Participant Observation

A

Observer participates in the behaviour being observed e.g pretending to be a drug addict when they actually aren’t

60
Q

What is the advantages of a participant observation?

3

A

◦ Likely to provide unique insights of behaviour as we are “insiders”
◦ We will have close proximity to behaviour that is recorded
◦ Behaviour seen will be natural

61
Q

What is the disadvantages of an overt observation?

4

A

◦ We become less objective as an observer (biased)
◦ It can be difficult to record data in secret
◦ Ethical issues such as deception are a problem
◦ Our involvement may influence the behaviour we are observing

62
Q

Non-Participant Observation

A

Observer is not a participant in the behaviour being observed

63
Q

What is the advantages of a non-participant observation?

3

A

◦ We remain objective as we are not taking part in the behaviour
◦ Easier to record data as we are not doing so in secret
◦ Ethical issues above are no problem

64
Q

What is the disadvantages of a non-participant observation?

2

A

◦ We may misinterpret what we are seeking as we are not part of the behaviour being observed , unless you’re not participating.
◦ If you’re not participating, would you understand the reality.

65
Q

Structured Observation

A

Recording behaviour in a systematic manner to organise our data e.g coding scheme

66
Q

What is the advantages of a Structured observation?

2

A

◦ Observations are easier to repeat in the future and its reliability.
◦ Results are likely to be easier to analyse.

67
Q

What is the disadvantages of a Structured observation?

2

A

◦ Observers may differ in their views of the coding scheme called observer bias
◦We need some knowledge of the behaviours to create a CS.

68
Q

Unstructured Observation

A

Observing all behaviours that might be relevant without system.

69
Q

What is the advantages of a unstructured observation?

2

A

◦ Useful when we are studying behaviour that is unpredictable
◦ Very useful for pilot studies (practicing something)

70
Q

What is the advantage of a unstructured observation?

A

◦ The behaviour that most catch our attention, might not be the most important to record.

71
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing participants in a natural setting that would be the same if the observer was present.

72
Q

What is the advantage of a Naturalistic observation?

A

◦ More likely to see natural behaviour as well as fewer demand characteristics that would affect our results.

73
Q

What is the disadvantages of a Naturalistic observation?

2

A

◦ We have reduced control over the environment so more extraneous variables can affect our results.
◦ Often done covertly and can have ethical issues.

74
Q

Controlled Observation

A

The environment is changed or controlled because of the observation.

75
Q

What is the advantage of a controlled observation?

A

◦ Greater control of the environment so fewer extraneous variables

76
Q

What is the disadvantage of a controlled observation?

A

◦ Greater control means the environment will be artificial, so behaviour is less natural.

77
Q

Time Sampling

A

Recording behaviour in regular intervals e.g recording data every 5 minutes

78
Q

What is the advantages of time sampling?

2

A

◦ It is easier to conduct with a large group or with fast changing behaviour.
◦ Useful if you have to watch something for a long time.

79
Q

What is the disadvantage of time sampling?

A

◦ We cannot record behaviour that occurs between intervals meaning rare behaviours are often missed.

80
Q

Event Sampling

A

Using behaviour categories and a coding frame and recording behaviour from our list each time it occurs during a specified time

81
Q

What is the advantage of event sampling?

A

◦ Results will be more representative of unusual behaviours that may not often occur.

82
Q

What is the disadvantage of event sampling?

A

◦ Can be difficult to conduct for a large group of participants or where behaviour is changing quickly, increases the chance of missing an event.

83
Q

What is a Self Report Method?

A

It is a method by which we ask participants about their thoughts, feeling and opinions. It is the ONLY method we can use to directly measure thoughts, feelings and opinions.

84
Q

What is the advantage of a Self Report Method?

A

◦ They can give a valid measure of thought, feelings and opinions

85
Q

What is the disadvantage of a Self Report Method?

A

◦ Participants might be, show social desirability (what sounds good / socially acceptable), bias or misunderstand the questions, reducing validity.

86
Q

What is a Questionnaire

A

participants record their own responses, often using a pen and paper or done by phone or internet

87
Q

What is the advantages of a Questionnaire?

2

A

◦They can be quick and easy to carry out and are cheap to give to a large number of geographically diverse people.
◦ Participants may be happier to reveal honest information in a questionnaire rather than face to face.

88
Q

What is the disadvantages of a Questionnaire?

3

A

◦ They can contain leading questions, ambiguous questions or even too many questions
◦ People may feel they need to answer in a particular way (social desirability)
◦ Also they can tend to have a low response rate/getting the questionnaire back.
◦Certain people only answer questionnaire, e.g time on their hands, no job

89
Q

What is an Interview?

A

Are usually conducted face to face, and they can be written down on the spot, recorded/transcribed

90
Q

What is the advantages of an Interview?

2

A

◦ Participants can ask questions if they feel they do not understand
◦A skilled interviewer and may be able to reveal more information than would be gained in a questionnaire

91
Q

What is the disadvantages of an Interview?

2

A

◦ Because they are conducted face to face participant cannot answer anonymously which could lead to greater evaluation anxiety (worried that the interviewer will judge you) and social desirable answers.
◦ It can be harder to maintain inter-rater reliability where more than one interviewer being used.

92
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

The extent to which to which two or more raters in an observation or self report agree to the results they have collected.

93
Q

Three ways in how you can improve Inter-Rater Reliability

A

◦ Use operationalised categories
◦ Practice categories in a plot study
◦ Train raters on how to use categories

94
Q

What does it mean if their is low Inter-Rater Reliability

A

Low inter-rater reliability = No consistency

95
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

Some questions are predetermined but the interviewer has the freedom to follow up interesting responses.

96
Q

What is the advantage of a Unstructured Interview ?

A

◦ You can gather lots of in depth and detailed information and may reflect more accurate participants true feelings and thoughts.

97
Q

What is the disadvantage of a Unstructured Interview ?

A

◦ Likely to cover a broad range of topics so it will be difficult to compare and analyse results of different participants as they may be asked different things

98
Q

Semi Structured Interview

A

There are no set questions, but the researcher may have a list of prompts or topics. The researchers questions follow on from what the interviewee has answered.

99
Q

What is the advantages of a Semi Structured Interview ?

2

A

◦ Can gather qualitative data, so the results would be richer
◦ We may discover information

100
Q

What is the disadvantage of a Semi Structured Interview ?

A

◦ May be more prone to interviewer bias as they develop questions on the spot.

101
Q

Interviewer Bias

A

structure/phrasing of questionsaskedin the interviewingprocess which can influence participantsresponsesin such a way that it distorts the outcome of theinterview.

102
Q

Structured Interview

A

Uses a predetermined set of questions asked in the same way for each participant

103
Q

What is the advantages of a Structured Interview ?

2

A

◦ It is easier to repeat with many participants as the questions don’t change
◦ Easier to analyse and compare participants as the questions don’t change between participants

104
Q

What is the disadvantages of a Structured Interview ?

2

A

◦ Because it is in artificial nature, participants may feel evaluation apprehension and give socially desirable answers
◦ Harder to follow up interesting answers as questions are restricted e.g if they something interesting, you cannot ask to go more in depth into their answe

105
Q

Open Questions

A

Participants are unrestricted in the answers they can give and tend to provide qualitative data

106
Q

What is the advantages of Open Questions ?

2

A

◦ Provides rich, detailed and in depth data

◦ More likely to be reflective of participants true thoughts and feelings, making data more detailed

107
Q

What is the disadvantage of Open Questions ?

A

◦ Due to the wide range of responses that participants gives can make it difficult and time consuming to analyse data

108
Q

Closed Questions

A

Participants are restricted in the answers that they are allowed to provide

109
Q

What is the advantage of Closed Questions ?

A

◦ Very easy to score and graph data therefore easier to draw conclusions from

110
Q

What is the disadvantages of Closed Questions ?

2

A

◦ With restricted range of responses, participants may be fixed to answer in a particular way to reduce validity
◦ We main not gain as much detailed responses (less valid measure of feelings)

111
Q

Likert Rating Scale

A

Provides quantative data and allows the participant to show the extent of their feelings.
Can also use words rather than numbers e.g

l-------------------------l-------------------------l Agree                 Neutral                 Disagree
112
Q

What is the advantage of a Likert Rating Scale ?

A

◦ They have more depth than a yes/no question but it is still easy to analyse and compare responses

113
Q

What is the disadvantages of using a Likert Rating Scale ?

3

A

◦ They can force a participant to be positive or negative in an easy scale e.g scale of 1-4
◦ Quantative data is less descriptive/representative of participants feelings
◦ Where there is a middle value, participants may choose to go neutral throughout

114
Q

Semantic Differential Rating Scale

A

Use verbal descriptions that are opposite each other to create a scale e.g

    l--------------------------------------------------l   
 Easy                                                    Hard
115
Q

What is the advantages of using a Semantic Differential Rating Scale ?

A

◦ They have more depth than a yes/no question but it is still easy to analyse and compare responses

116
Q

What is the disadvantage of using a Semantic Differential Rating Scale?

A

◦ Participants may be unsure of the meaning of the terms and there may be cultural differences

117
Q

What is the description and give an example of nominal data

A

Categories, e.g gender

118
Q

What is the description and give an example of ordinal data

A

Ranking, e.g grades

119
Q

What is the description and give an example of interval data

A

Continuous data where differences between intervals are equal, e.g temperature

120
Q

What is the description and give an example of ratio data

A

Has an absolute zero & intervals are equal, e.g money or time

Psychology (14 decks)

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