Chapter 1 - Key Terms

Question 1

behaviour / behaviourism is a ________ ________ based on the premise that ________ ________ should study only ________ ________ .

Answer 1

theoretical orientation |scientific psychology | observable behaviour

Question 2

behaviour / behaviourism

Answer 2

behaviour is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

Question 3

clinical psychology is the ________ ________ ________ concerned with the ________ ________ ________ of ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 3

branch of psychology |diagnosis and treatment |psychological problems and disorders

Question 4

clinical psychology

Answer 4

clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 5

cognition refers to the ________ ________ involved in ________ ________ .

Answer 5

mental processes | acquiring knowledge

Question 6

cognition

Answer 6

cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 7

critical thinking

Answer 7

critical thinking is the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome

Question 8

critical thinking is the use of ________ ________ ________ ________ that increase the ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 8

cognitive skills and strategies | probability of a desirable outcome

Question 9

culture

Answer 9

culture refers to the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

Question 10

culture refers to the widely shared ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, and other products of a ________ that are transmitted ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 10

customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions |community | socially across generations

Question 11

empiricism

Answer 11

empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

Question 12

empiricism is the ________ that ________ should be ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 12

premise | knowledge | acquired through observation

Question 13

evolutionary psychology

Answer 13

evolutionary psychology examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

Question 14

evolutionary psychology examines ________ ________ in terms of their ________ ________ for ________ ________ ________ ________ over the ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 14

behavioural processes | adaptive value |members of a species | course of many generations

Question 15

functionalism

Answer 15

functionalism was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

Question 16

functionalism was based on the ________ ________ ________ should ________ ________ ________ or ________ ________ ________ , rather than its ________ .

Answer 16

belief that psychology | investigate the function or purpose of consciousness | structure

Question 17

humanism

Answer 17

humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

Question 18

humanism is a ________ ________that emphasizes the ________ ________ of ________ , especially their ________ and their ________ for ________ ________ .

Answer 18

theoretical orientation | unique qualities of humans | freedom | potential for personal growth

Question 19

introspection

Answer 19

introspection is the required training to make the subject—the person being studied—more objective and more aware

Question 20

introspection is the ________ ________ to make the ________ — the person being studied — more ________ and more ________ .

Answer 20

required training | subject | objective | aware

Question 21

positive psychology

Answer 21

positive psychology uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Question 22

positive psychology uses ________ and ________ to ________ ________ the ________ , ________ , ________ , and ________ ________ of ________ ________ .

Answer 22

theory and research | better understand | positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Question 23

positive psychology uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Question 24

positive psychology uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Question 25

psychiatry

Answer 25

psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 26

psychiatry is a ________ ________ ________ concerned with the ________ ________ ________ of ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 26

branch of medicine | diagnosis and treatment | psychological problems and disorders

Question 27

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 27

psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 28

psychoanalytic theory attempts to ________ ________ , ________ , and ________ ________ by ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 28

explain personality, motivation and mental disorders | focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 29

psychology

Answer 29

psychology is the science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

Question 30

psychology is the ________ ________ ________ ________ and the ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________, and it is the ________ ________ ________ the ________ ________ of this science to ________ ________ .

Answer 30

science that studies behaviour | physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it | profession that applies the accumulated knowledge | practical problems

Question 31

structuralism

Answer 31

structuralism was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

Question 32

structuralism was based on the notion that the ________ ________ ________ is to ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ and ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 32

task of psychology | analyze consciousness into its basic elements | investigate how these elements are related

Question 33

theory

Answer 33

theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

Question 34

theory is a ________ ________ ________ ________ used to ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

Answer 34

system of interrelated ideas | explain a set of observations

Question 35

unconscious

Answer 35

unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour

Question 36

unconscious contains ________ , ________ , and ________ that are ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ but that ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ .

Answer 36

thoughts, memories, and desires | well below the surface of conscious awareness | nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour