Chapter 1 Key Term

Question 1

sociological imagination

Answer 1

The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. Someone using the sociological imagination “thinks himself away from the familiar routines of daily life.

Question 2

social structure

Answer 2

the underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another

Question 3

social construction

Answer 3

An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted.

Question 4

socialization

Answer 4

The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. Although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue to some degree throughout life. No individuals are immune from the reactions of others around them, which influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course.

Question 5

social facts

Answer 5

According to Émile Durkheim, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals. Durkheim believed that social facts could be studied scientifically.

Question 6

organic solidarity

Answer 6

According to Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.

Question 7

social constraint

Answer 7

The conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members. Social constraint was regarded by Émile Durkheim as one of the distinctive properties of social facts.

Question 8

division of labor

Answer 8

The specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. All societies have at least some rudimentary form of division of labor, especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women. With the development of industrialism, the division of labor became vastly more complex than in any prior type of production system. In the modern world, the division of labor is international in scope.

Question 9

anomie

Answer 9

A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim to refer to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

Question 10

materialist conception

Answer 10

The view developed by Karl Marx, according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change.

Question 11

capitalism

Answer 11

An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.

Question 12

bureaucracy

Answer 12

A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.

Question 13

rationalization

Answer 13

A concept used by Max Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world.

Question 14

symbolic interactionism

Answer 14

A theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.

Question 15

symbol

Answer 15

One item used to stand for or represent another—as in the case of a flag, which symbolizes a nation.

Question 16

functionalism

Answer 16

A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform—that is, the contributions they make to the continuity of a society.

Question 17

manifest functions

Answer 17

The functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity.

Question 18

latent functions

Answer 18

Functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur.

Question 19

conflict theory

Answer 19

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order.

Question 20

Marxism

Answer 20

A body of thought deriving its main elements from the ideas of Karl Marx.

Question 21

power

Answer 21

The ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold. Power is a pervasive element in all human relationships. Many conflicts in society are struggles over power, because how much power an individual or group is able to achieve governs how far they are able to put their wishes into practice.

Question 22

Ideologies

Answer 22

Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups. Ideologies are found in all societies in which there are systematic and ingrained inequalities among groups. The concept of ideology connects closely with that of power, since ideological systems serve to legitimize the power that groups hold.

Question 23

feminist theory

Answer 23

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of the experience of women. There are many strands of feminist theory, but they all share the desire to explain gender inequality in society and to work to overcome it.

Question 24

Feminism

Answer 24

Advocacy of the rights of women to be equal with men in all spheres of life. Feminism dates from the late eighteenth century in Europe, and feminist movements exist in most countries today.

Question 25

rational choice

Answer 25

More broadly, the theory that an individual’s behavior is purposive. Within the field of criminology, rational choice analysis argues that deviant behavior is a rational response to a specific social situation.

Question 26

Postmodernism

Answer 26

The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no “grand narrative” guiding its development.

Question 27

Microsociolgy

Answer 27

The study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interaction.

Question 28

Macrosociology

Answer 28

The study of largescale groups, organizations, or social systems.