Chapter 1 - Introduction, Units and Conversions

Question 1

What ICAO document is relevant to mass and balance?

Answer 1

Annex 6, volume 1.

Question 2

Operators/manufacturers/individual states can make their own rules and documentation, but when are they less restrictive than ICAO documentation?

Answer 2

Never, they can only be more restrictive.

Question 3

What documentation is less restrictive, manufacturer or operator?

Answer 3

Manufacturer

Question 4

Who is responsible for the final load and trim sheet?

Answer 4

The captain, since he/she has to sign 2 copies of it to confirm it is correct.

Question 5

What would an increase in mass above design limitation do to an aircraft?

Answer 5

Deformation may occur

Reduced fatigue

Possibility of structural failure

Question 6

Where would mass limitation for an aircraft be found?

Answer 6

In the flight manual (which are drawn up by the designer and approved by the state)

Question 7

What is speific gravity?

Answer 7

the ratio of density of a liquid to the density of water at densest temperature.

Question 8

What effects does an increase in mass have on aircraft characteristics?

Answer 8

Longer TO

Lower climb angle

Lower ROC

Increased fuel consumption

Increased wear on tyres

Reduced factors of safety

Increased stall speed

Change in stability

Increased landing speed

Increased glide speed

Question 9

What is heavier water or fuel?

Answer 9

Water, fuel SG is always less than 1.

Question 10

If SG of a fuel is not known what is used instead?

Answer 10

Standard SG specified in ops manual and approved by authority.

usually:

Avgas - 0.72

Avtur - 0.8

Engine oil - 0.88