Chapter 1: Introduction to the Skeleton and the Bony Pelvis Flashcards
1
Q
________ - is composed of several different tissues working together: bone or osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissues, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.
A
Bone
2
Q
The framework of bones and their cartilages, along with ligaments and tendons.
A
skeletal system
3
Q
The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is called:
A
osteology
4
Q
What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Support
- Protection
- Assistance in movement
- Mineral homeostasis (storage and release )
- Blood cell production
- Triglyceride storage.
5
Q
Bone that has greater length than width.
A
long bone
6
Q
A typical long bone consists of the following parts. Except:
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- Exosteum
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
A
Except: 3
7
Q
__________ - is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
A
articular cartilage
8
Q
the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as:
A
the epiphyseal line
9
Q
_________ - is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
A
periosteum
10
Q
________ - is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
A
diaphysis
11
Q
________ - is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.
A
medullary cavity
12
Q
_______ - is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
A
endosteum
13
Q
The following are Functions of bone tissue. Except:
- Supports soft tissue and provides attachment for skeletal muscles.
- Protects internal organs.
- Assists in movement, along with skeletal muscles.
- Stores and and produces minerals.
- Contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
- Contains yellow bone marrow, which stores triglycerides (fats).
A
Except: 4
14
Q
Muscle resistance to being stretched or torn apart.
A
tensile strength
15
Q
What are the four types of cells present in bone tissue?
A
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
16
Q
__________ - are unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed.
A
Osteogenic cells
17
Q
_______- are bone-building cells.
A
Osteoblasts
18
Q
________ - mature bone cells, are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism.
A
Osteocytes
19
Q
________ - are huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes and are concentrated in the endosteum.
A
Osteoclasts
20
Q
True or False:
A mnemonic that will help you remember the difference between the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is as follows:
osteoBlasts Build bone, while osteoClasts Carve out bone.
A
True
21
Q
__________ - contains few spacesand is the strongest form of bone tissue. It is found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones. Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.
A
Compact bone tissue
22
Q
_________ - small spaces in the concentric lamellae which contain osteocytes.
A
lacunae
23
Q
The areas between neighboring osteons contain lamellae called:
A
interstitial lamellae
24
Q
Arranged around the entire outer and inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone are lamellae called:
A
circumferential lamellae
25
The circumferential lamellae that line the medullary cavity are called:
inner circumferential lamellae
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Tissue that is always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone. Spongy bone tissue makes up most of the interior bone tissue of short, flat, sesamoid, and irregularly shaped bones.
Spongy bone tissue
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is a diagnostic procedure that takes advantage of the fact that bone is living tissue. A small amount of a radioactive tracer compound that is readily absorbed by bone is injected intravenously.
bone scan
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - small arteries accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis through many perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone.
Periosteal arteries
29
The process by which bone forms.
ossification
30
Veins that carry blood away from long bones are evident in three places: Which of the following is true?
(1) One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the epiphyses .
(2) numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the diaphysis.
(3) many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum.
3
31
What are the four principal situations that Bone formation occurs?
1. the initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus.
2. the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until their adult sizes are reached.
3. the remodeling of bone
4. the repair of fractures throughout life.
32
What are the two methods of bone formation?
1. Intramembranous Ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification
33
The flat bones of the skull, most of the facial bones, mandible (lower jawbone), and the medial part of the clavicle (collar bone) are formed.
Intramembranous Ossification
34
The replacement of cartilage by bone is called:
endochondral ossification
35
The growth in length of long bones involves the following two major events: true or false:
(1) interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal
side of the epiphyseal plate.
(2) Replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral
ossification.
True
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of four
zones.
epiphyseal plate
37
This layer is nearest the epiphysis and consists of small, scattered chondrocytes. the cells do not function in bone growth.
Zone of resting cartilage
38
Slightly larger chondrocytes in this zone are arranged like stacks of coins. The chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
Zone of proliferating cartilage
39
This layer consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns.
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
40
The final zone of the epiphyseal plate is only a few cells thick and consists mostly of chondrocytes that are dead because the extracellular matrix around them has calcified.
Zone of calcified cartilage
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is a gradual process and the degree
to which it occurs is useful in determining bone age, predicting adult height, and establishing age at death from skeletal remains, especially in infants, children, and adolescents.
Closure of the epiphyseal plate
42
What are the factors that affects normal bone metabolism?
These include adequate dietary intake of minerals and vitamins, as well as sufficient levels of several hormones.
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is any break in a bone. named according to their severity, the shape or position of the fracture line.
fracture
44
The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
Open (Compound) Fracture
45
The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into
pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments
lie between the two main fragments.
Comminuted Fracture
46
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends.
Greenstick
47
Type of fracture, wherein one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.
Impacted
48
Fracture of the distal end of thelateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.
Pott fracture
49
Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.
Colles’
50
What are the steps in repair of bone fracture?
1. Formation of fracture hematoma
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is the body’s major calcium reservoir, storing 99% of total body calcium.
Bone
52
What are the two principal effects of aging on bone tissue?
Loss of bone mass and brittleness
53
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including
bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulinlike growth factors.
Human growth hormone (hGH)
54
Minerals that makes the bone extracellular matrix hard.
Calcium and phosphorus
55
CVitamins that is needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses.
Vitamin A
56
Secreted by the thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Calcitonin (CT)
57
A condition of porous bones.
Osteoporosis
58
The degeneration of articular cartilage such that the bony ends touch; the resulting friction of bone against bone worsens the condition. Usually associated with the elderly.
Osteoarthritis
59
An infection of bone characterized by high fever, sweating, chills, pain, nausea, pus formation, edema, and warmth over the affected bone and rigid overlying
muscles. It is often caused by bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus.
Osteomyelitis
60
Reduced bone mass due to a decrease in the rate of bone synthesis to a level too low to compensate for normal bone resorption; any decrease in bone mass below normal.
Osteopenia
61
Bone cancer that primarily affects osteoblasts and occurs most often in teenagers during their growth spurt.
Osteosarcoma
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - are the main blood supply to the osteocytes of an osteon (haversian system), so their blockage would lead to death of the osteocytes.
central (haversian) canals
63
The bones of the _________ contribute to
homeostasis by protecting many of the body’s organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. They are also important in support and calcium storage and release.
axial skeleton
64
The bones, muscles, and joints form an integrated
system called:
musculoskeletal system
65
The branch of medical science concerned with the prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called:
orthopedics
66
How many bones consists the adult human skeleton?
206 named bones
67
What is the two principal divisions of adult skeleton?
1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton
68
How many bones consists the axial skeleton?
80 bones
69
How many bones consists the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
70
The following bones consists the Axial skeleton. Except:
1. Cranium
2. Face
3. Humerus
4. Auditory ossicles
5. Vertebral column
6. Sternum
7. Ribs
Except: 3
71
The following bones consists the Appendicular skeleton. Which of the followng is not included?
1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Upper limbs
4. Ulna
5. Radius
6. Carpals
7. Femur
8. Hyoid
9. Fibula
10. Tibia
Not included: 8
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - are somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width. They consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue.
Short bones
73
What are the two major types of bone surface markings?
1. depressions and openings
2. processes, projections or outgrowths
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, and sacrum forms a deep, basinlike structure. Provides a strong and stable support for the vertebral column and pelvic and lower abdominal organs.
bony pelvis
75
The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip bones, also called:
coxal
76
The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called:
pubic symphysis
77
What are the three bones that consists the two hip bones?
1. a superior ilium
2. an inferior and anterior pubis
3. an inferior and posterior ischium
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is the socket for the head of the femur, where the three parts of the hip bone converge and ossify.
acetabulum
79
Label the parts of the pelvic bone.
(a) Lateral view showing parts of hip bone
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A. ilium
B. ischium
C. Pubis
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - the largest of the three components of the
hip bone. Composed of a superior ala ( wing) and
an inferior body.
ilium
81
The medial surface of the ilium contains the ________ , a concavity where the tendon of the iliacus muscle attaches.
iliac fossa
82
Bruising of the anterior superior iliac spine and associated soft tissues, such as occurs in body contact sports, is called:
hip pointer
83
Projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface is a ridge called:
arcuate line
84
The other conspicuous markings of the ilium are three arched lines on its lateral surface called:
posterior gluteal line
85
Anterior superior iliac spine, Below this spine is the __________ . Posteriorly, the iliac crest ends in a sharp ______________ . Below this spine is the posterior inferior iliac spine.
anterior inferior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone , comprises a superior body and an inferior ramus.
ischium
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is the portion of the ischium that fuses with the pubis.
ramus
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - meaning pubic bone, is the anterior
and inferior part of the hip bone.
pubis
89
A ________ , an ________ , and a body between the rami make up the pubis.
superior ramus
inferior ramus
90
The anterior, superior border of the body is the pubic crest, and at its lateral end is a projection called:
pubic tubercle
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It functions as the socket that
accepts the rounded head of the femur.
acetabulum
92
The bony pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portions by a boundary called:
pelvic brim or inlet
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is an imaginary line that curves through the true pelvis from the central point of the plane of the pelvic inlet to the central point of the plane of the pelvic outlet.
pelvic axis
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is the measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal, which may be done by ultrasonography or physical examination.
Pelvimetry
95
State if True or False:
Generally, the bones of males are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings than those of females of comparable age and physical stature.
True
96
Parts of acetabulum:
Inferior margin of the acetabulum.
Acetabular notch
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Rough depression in the floor of the acetabulum extending superiorly from the acetabular notch.
Acetabular fossa
98
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Area that actually articulates with femur.
Articular (Lunate) surface
99
Difference between female and male pelvis:
Greater Sciatic notch: _____ in female, _______ in male
Wide
Narrow
100
Difference between female and male pelvis.
Pubic arch: Female __________ , Male \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Greater than 90 degree
Less than 90 degrees
