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Pathophysiology > Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define health

A

The physical, mental, and social well-being

- More holistic

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2
Q

Define disease

A

Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis

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3
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A steady state where our internal environment remains fairly consistent despite changes in our external environment

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4
Q

Can a steady state differ from individuals?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What are adjustments caused by?

A
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Gender
  • Environment
  • Activity Level
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6
Q

What can change a value?

A

The technology used for measurement

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7
Q

What is gross level?

A

Organ or system level

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8
Q

What is microscopic level?

A

Cellular level

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9
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

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10
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

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11
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

The identification of a basic disease

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12
Q

How do you make a diagnosis?

A
  • Laboratory tests

- Evaluation of signs and symptoms

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13
Q

What is etiology?

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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14
Q

What are the 8 examples of etiology?

A
  • Congenital defects
  • Inherited or genetic disorders
  • Microorganisms
  • Immunologic dysfunctions
  • Degenerative changes
  • Malignancy
  • Metabolic, nutritional problems
  • Trauma, burns, environmental factors
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15
Q

Define idiopathic

A

The cause of disease is unknown

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16
Q

Define iatrogenic

A

An error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

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17
Q

What are examples of predisposing factors?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Inherited factors
  • Environments
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18
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

To preserve health; prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

How can prevention be achieved?

A
  • Vaccinations
  • Dietary/lifestyle modifications
  • Prevention of potentially harmful activities
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20
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

The development of the disease

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21
Q

What are the two types of onset of disease?

A
  • Sudden/Acute

- Insidious/Chronic

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22
Q

Define insidious

A

Gradual, vague or mild signs

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23
Q

What is acute disease

A

Short-term, develops quickly

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24
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Short-term, develops quickly

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25
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Develops gradually

- Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes

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26
Q

Define subclinical state

A

Pathological changes, no obvious manifestations

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27
Q

Define latent state

A
  • No symptoms or clinical signs evident

- In infectious diseases: incubation period

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28
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

Early development of the disease

- Signs are nonspecific or absent

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29
Q

What are manifestations?

A

Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms

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30
Q

What is a local manifestation?

A

At site of the problem

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31
Q

What is a systemic manifestation?

A

A general indicator of illness (i.e. fever)

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32
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective indicators of disease (what you observe)

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33
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective feelings (what the patient “says”)

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34
Q

What are lesions?

A

Specific local change in the tissue

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35
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A collection of signs and symptoms

36
Q

What are diagnostic tests?

A

Various laboratory tests

- Appropriate to manifestations and medical history

37
Q

What is a precipitating factor?

A

A condition that triggers an acute episode

38
Q

What is complications?

A

New secondary or additional problems

39
Q

What do remissions and exacerbations mark?

A

The course or progress of a disease

40
Q

Define remission

A

A period which manifestations subside

41
Q

Define exacerbation

A

A worsening of severity

42
Q

Define therapy

A

Measures to promote recovery/slow progress

43
Q

What is sequelae?

A

Potential unwanted outcomes

44
Q

What is convalescence/rehabilitation?

A

Period of recovery and return to healthy state

45
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The disease rates within a group

46
Q

What is mortality?

A

Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease

47
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Postmortem examination

48
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

49
Q

What are the 2 major data collection centers?

A

WHO and CDC

50
Q

What is the incidence?

A

Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period

51
Q

What is the prevalence?

A

Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period

52
Q

Define epidemics

A

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area

53
Q

What is a pandemic

A

Involve a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe

54
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another

55
Q

Who are notifiable/reportable diseases reported by?

A

The physician to the designated authorities (authority varies with local jurisdiction)

56
Q

What diseases are required to be reported?

A

This may change over time

57
Q

What is the intention of reporting diseases?

A

To prevent the further spread of the disease

58
Q

Define atrophy

A

A decrease in the size of cells

- Results in reduced tissue mass

59
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

An increase in cell size

- Results in enlarged tissue mass

60
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

An increased number of cells

- Results in enlarged tissue mass

61
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

62
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

63
Q

Define anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures

64
Q

Define neoplasia

A

“New growth” - commonly called tumor

65
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

- Normal occurrence in the body

66
Q

Define ischemia

A

Deficit of oxygen in the cells

67
Q

Define hypoxia

A
  • Reduced oxygen in tissues

- Nutritional deficits

68
Q

Define pyroptosis

A

Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

69
Q

Define lysis

A

A cell rupture

70
Q

Define lysis

A

The breakdown of a cell

71
Q

How does physical damage occur?

A
  • Excessive heat or cold

- Radiation exposure

72
Q

How does mechanical damage occur?

A

Pressure or tearing of tissue

73
Q

What are chemical toxins?

A

Exogenous and endogenous

74
Q

Define exogenous

A

From the environment

75
Q

Define endogenous

A

From inside the body

76
Q

What are examples of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria and viruses

77
Q

What are the 6 ways a cell can be damaged?

A
  • Physical damage
  • Mechanical damage
  • Chemical toxins
  • Microorganisms
  • Abnormal metabolites
  • Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
78
Q

What are 3 examples of abnormal metabolites?

A
  • Genetic disorders
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • Altered metabolism
79
Q

What does necrosis do?

A

Dying cells causes further cell damage due to cellular disintegration

80
Q

What is liquefaction necrosis?

A

Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes

81
Q

What is coagulative necrosis

A

Cell proteins are altered or denatures - coagulation

82
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids

83
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

A form of coagulation necrosis

- Thick, yellow, “cheesy” substance forms

84
Q

Define infarction

A

Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

85
Q

Define gangrene

A

An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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