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Pathophysiology > Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define health

A

The physical, mental, and social well-being

- More holistic

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2
Q

Define disease

A

Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis

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3
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A steady state where our internal environment remains fairly consistent despite changes in our external environment

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4
Q

Can a steady state differ from individuals?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What are adjustments caused by?

A
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Gender
  • Environment
  • Activity Level
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6
Q

What can change a value?

A

The technology used for measurement

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7
Q

What is gross level?

A

Organ or system level

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8
Q

What is microscopic level?

A

Cellular level

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9
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

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10
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

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11
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

The identification of a basic disease

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12
Q

How do you make a diagnosis?

A
  • Laboratory tests

- Evaluation of signs and symptoms

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13
Q

What is etiology?

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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14
Q

What are the 8 examples of etiology?

A
  • Congenital defects
  • Inherited or genetic disorders
  • Microorganisms
  • Immunologic dysfunctions
  • Degenerative changes
  • Malignancy
  • Metabolic, nutritional problems
  • Trauma, burns, environmental factors
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15
Q

Define idiopathic

A

The cause of disease is unknown

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16
Q

Define iatrogenic

A

An error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

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17
Q

What are examples of predisposing factors?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Inherited factors
  • Environments
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18
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

To preserve health; prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

How can prevention be achieved?

A
  • Vaccinations
  • Dietary/lifestyle modifications
  • Prevention of potentially harmful activities
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20
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

The development of the disease

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21
Q

What are the two types of onset of disease?

A
  • Sudden/Acute

- Insidious/Chronic

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22
Q

Define insidious

A

Gradual, vague or mild signs

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23
Q

What is acute disease

A

Short-term, develops quickly

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24
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Short-term, develops quickly

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25
What is a chronic disease?
Develops gradually | - Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
26
Define subclinical state
Pathological changes, no obvious manifestations
27
Define latent state
- No symptoms or clinical signs evident | - In infectious diseases: incubation period
28
What is the prodromal period?
Early development of the disease | - Signs are nonspecific or absent
29
What are manifestations?
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
30
What is a local manifestation?
At site of the problem
31
What is a systemic manifestation?
A general indicator of illness (i.e. fever)
32
What are signs?
Objective indicators of disease (what you observe)
33
What are symptoms?
Subjective feelings (what the patient "says")
34
What are lesions?
Specific local change in the tissue
35
What is a syndrome?
A collection of signs and symptoms
36
What are diagnostic tests?
Various laboratory tests | - Appropriate to manifestations and medical history
37
What is a precipitating factor?
A condition that triggers an acute episode
38
What is complications?
New secondary or additional problems
39
What do remissions and exacerbations mark?
The course or progress of a disease
40
Define remission
A period which manifestations subside
41
Define exacerbation
A worsening of severity
42
Define therapy
Measures to promote recovery/slow progress
43
What is sequelae?
Potential unwanted outcomes
44
What is convalescence/rehabilitation?
Period of recovery and return to healthy state
45
What is morbidity?
The disease rates within a group
46
What is mortality?
Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease
47
What is an autopsy?
Postmortem examination
48
What is epidemiology?
Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
49
What are the 2 major data collection centers?
WHO and CDC
50
What is the incidence?
Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period
51
What is the prevalence?
Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period
52
Define epidemics
A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area
53
What is a pandemic
Involve a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe
54
What is a communicable disease?
Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
55
Who are notifiable/reportable diseases reported by?
The physician to the designated authorities (authority varies with local jurisdiction)
56
What diseases are required to be reported?
This may change over time
57
What is the intention of reporting diseases?
To prevent the further spread of the disease
58
Define atrophy
A decrease in the size of cells | - Results in reduced tissue mass
59
Define hypertrophy
An increase in cell size | - Results in enlarged tissue mass
60
Define hyperplasia
An increased number of cells | - Results in enlarged tissue mass
61
Define metaplasia
A mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
62
Define dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
63
Define anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
64
Define neoplasia
"New growth" - commonly called tumor
65
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death | - Normal occurrence in the body
66
Define ischemia
Deficit of oxygen in the cells
67
Define hypoxia
- Reduced oxygen in tissues | - Nutritional deficits
68
Define pyroptosis
Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation
69
Define lysis
A cell rupture
70
Define lysis
The breakdown of a cell
71
How does physical damage occur?
- Excessive heat or cold | - Radiation exposure
72
How does mechanical damage occur?
Pressure or tearing of tissue
73
What are chemical toxins?
Exogenous and endogenous
74
Define exogenous
From the environment
75
Define endogenous
From inside the body
76
What are examples of microorganisms?
Bacteria and viruses
77
What are the 6 ways a cell can be damaged?
- Physical damage - Mechanical damage - Chemical toxins - Microorganisms - Abnormal metabolites - Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
78
What are 3 examples of abnormal metabolites?
- Genetic disorders - Inborn errors of metabolism - Altered metabolism
79
What does necrosis do?
Dying cells causes further cell damage due to cellular disintegration
80
What is liquefaction necrosis?
Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
81
What is coagulative necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatures - coagulation
82
What is fat necrosis?
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
83
What is caseous necrosis?
A form of coagulation necrosis | - Thick, yellow, "cheesy" substance forms
84
Define infarction
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation
85
Define gangrene
An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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