Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology

Question 0

What is apoptosis?

Answer 0

Apoptosis is normal programmed cell death in tissues.

Question 1

What is anaerobic?

Answer 1

Anaerobic is the metabolism and function without oxygen.

Question 2

What is autopsy?

Answer 2

An autopsy is an examination of part or all of a body, including organs, after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of illness and death

Question 3

What is biopsy?

Answer 3

Biopsy is the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis

Question 4

What is endogenous?

Answer 4

Originating from within the body

Question 5

What is exogenous?

Answer 5

Originating from outside of the body

Question 6

What is gangrene?

Answer 6

Gangrene is necrotic tissue infected by bacteria

Question 7

What is homeostasis?

Answer 7

Homeostasis is a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the various control mechanisms

Question 8

What is hypoxia?

Answer 8

Hypoxia is a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues

Question 9

What is iatrogenic?

Answer 9

Caused by a treatment, procedure, or error

Question 10

What is idiopathic?

Answer 10

Idiopathic is of an unknown cause

Question 11

What is inflammation

Answer 11

The response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

Question 12

What is ischemia?

Answer 12

Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue

Question 13

What is lysis?

Answer 13

Destruction of a cell

Question 15

What is lysosomal?

Answer 15

Destructive enzymes that are released into the tissue which causes inflammation

Question 15

What is microscopic?

Answer 15

Microscopic is visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope

Question 16

What are microorganisms?

Answer 16

Microorganisms are very small living organism not visible to the naked eye, usually single celled

Question 17

What is morphologic?

Answer 17

The physical size form, structure and shape of cells or organs

Question 18

What is probability?

Answer 18

Probability is the likelihood or chance of occurrence

Question 19

What does pathophysiology involve?

Answer 19

The study of functional changes in the body that result from disease process

Question 20

What are the seven steps to health?

Answer 20

1. No smoke or 2nd hand smoke
2. 5-10 servings of fruits and veggies, high fiber, low fat, limited ETOH
3. Move more
4. Sun protection
5. Cancer guidelines
6. Visit MD if something differs from normal state of health
7. Practice health and safety instructions for hazardous materials.

Question 21

What is the study of specific disease

Answer 21

The signs related to the specific site of damage and the signs related to the pathologic process taking place.

Question 22

How do you prevent disease?

Answer 22

Routine vaccinations

Participating in screening programs, blood pressure and vision

Question 23

What are the stages of evidence based research?

Answer 23

3 stages:

1. Basic science- in lab with animals and cell cultures.
2. human subjects- to determine if it is safe
3. clinical trials- take place when previous research is positive.
   * double blinded study* researcher and patient don’t know what is being tested*

Question 24

Where does the clinical data go after evidence based research?

Answer 24

Data is colleted and sent to the FDA, and sometimes it it stopped if it is not safe during the clinical trial.

Question 25

What are other non-traditional therapies?

Answer 25

Acupuncture and naturopathy

Question 26

Define diagnosis

Answer 26

Identifications of a specific disease through evaluations of s/s, lab tests and exams. More then one factor is required

Question 27

Define etiology

Answer 27

Etiology conerns the causative facors in a particular disease. Ex) congenital defects, genetics, malignancys, burns and trauma

Question 28

What are predisposing factors?

Answer 28

High-risk disease factors include age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure and certain dietary practices. Ex) Decreased CA intake = osteoporosis

Question 29

Define pathogenesis

Answer 29

Development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process.

Question 30

What characteristics do you look for of a particular disease?

Answer 30

``` Onset Acute vs. Chronic Subclinical vs. latent Prodromal period- s/s not obvious Lesions- local changes in tissue Manifestations and s/s Remission vs. exacerbations ```

Question 31

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 31

Infections that can be spread from one person to another. Some have to be reported to authorities.

Question 32

What are reportable diseases?

Answer 32

SARS HIV AIDS

Question 33

What is atrophy?

Answer 33

Decrease in size of cells, reduced mass.

Question 34

What is hyperthrophy?

Answer 34

Increase of cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass.

Question 35

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 35

Increase in number of cells that lead to increase in size of tissue mass

Question 36

What is metaplasia?

Answer 36

One mature cell type is replaced by another. May be the result to a vitamin A deficit.

Question 37

What is dysplasia?

Answer 37

Tissue in cells vary in size, shape, large nuclei and mitosis is increased

Question 38

What is anaplasia?

Answer 38

Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. * CA * Grades aggressiveness of tumor

Question 39

What is an neoplasm?

Answer 39

New growth=tumor Malignant= CA Benign= less serious, not life threatening (unless in brain)

Question 40

Name the different types of cell death

Answer 40

1. Liquefaction necrosis - brain tissue death or bacterial infections in which a cavity or ulcer develop 2. Coagulative necrosis- after an MI 3. Fat necrosis- fatty tissue 4. Caseous necrosis- yellowish "cheesy"- TB 5. Infarction- lack of 02

Question 41

How long does it take for brain cells to die?

Answer 41

4-5 minutes

Question 42

How long can the heart muscles survive without 02?

Answer 42

Approx. 30 minutes.