Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology

Question 0

The use of these three basic building blocks, the signs related to the specific site of damage and the signs related to the pathological process taking place, facilitates the study of a specific disease

Answer 0

Pathophysiology

Question 1

Under normal conditions, a relatively constant or stable internal environment is maintained within the body with regard to such factors as blood pressure, body temperature, and fluid balance

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

A disease or abnormal condition usually involves changes at the organ or system (gross) level as well as at the cellular level

Answer 2

Microscopic

Question 3

Excision of very small amounts of living tissue

Answer 3

Biopsy

Question 4

Examination after death

Answer 4

Autopsy

Question 5

The identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, or other tools

Answer 5

Diagnosis

Question 6

Concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or several causative factors such as:
congenital defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria, immunologic dysfunction, metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, malignancy, burns and other trauma, environmental factors, and nutritional deficiencies

Answer 6

Etiology

Question 7

When the cause of a disease is unknown

Answer 7

Idiopathic

Question 8

When a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease

Answer 8

Iatrogenic

Question 9

Encompass the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual

Answer 9

Predisposing factors

Question 10

A predisposing factors indicates _____________ for the disease but not certain development

Answer 10

High risk

Question 11

Closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease

Answer 11

Prevention

Question 12

The development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process

Answer 12

Pathogenesis

Question 13

The _________ of a disease may be _________ and obvious, or _________.
Example: gastroenteritis with vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

Answer 13

Onset, sudden, acute

Question 14

Disease indicates a short-term illness that develops very quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain, for example, appendicitis

Answer 14

Acute

Question 15

Disease that is often a milder condition developing gradually, but it persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage, marked by acute episodes
Example: Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 15

Chronic

Question 16

A state exists in some conditions in which pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient

Answer 16

Subclinical

Question 17

An initial silent stage, in which no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases

Answer 17

Latent

Question 18

In an infectious disease, the time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms. May last a few days or for a few weeks. Often a disease is communicable during this time

Answer 18

Incubation period

Question 19

Comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific
Example: fatigue, loss of appetite, headache

Answer 19

Prodromal period

Question 20

Clinical evidence or effects, and the signs and symptoms of disease
Example: redness and swelling

Answer 20

Manifestations of a disease

Question 21

Found at the site of the problem

Answer 21

Local

Question 22

General indicators of illness

Example: fever

Answer 22

Systemic

Question 23

Objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individuals
Example: fever, skin rash

Answer 23

Signs

Question 24

Subjective feelings | Example: pain and nausea

Answer 24

Symptoms

Question 25

Used to describe a specific local change in the tissue | Example: blister or pimple

Answer 25

Lesion

Question 26

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition

Answer 26

Syndrome

Question 27

Laboratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a specific disease Example: chemical analysis of body fluids such as blood

Answer 27

Diagnostic

Question 28

The manifestations of the disease subside

Answer 28

Remissions

Question 29

The manifestations and signs of the disease increase

Answer 29

Exacerbations

Question 30

A condition that triggers an acute episode | Example: a seizure in an individual with a seizure disorder

Answer 30

A precipitating factor

Question 31

New secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins Example: such as congestive heart failure following a heart attack

Answer 31

Complications

Question 32

Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease

Answer 32

Therapy

Question 33

Potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition | Example: paralysis following a stroke

Answer 33

Sequelae

Question 34

The period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state, it may last for several days or months

Answer 34

Convalescence or Rehabilitation

Question 35

Defines the probability, or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

Answer 35

Prognosis

Question 36

Indicates the disease rates within a group

Answer 36

Morbidity

Question 37

Indicates the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease

Answer 37

Mortality

Question 38

The science of tracking a pattern or occurrence of disease

Answer 38

Epidemiology

Question 39

Occur when there are a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area

Answer 39

Epidemics

Question 40

Involve higher numbers if cases in many regions of the globe

Answer 40

Pandemics

Question 41

Tracked by recording 2 factors: incidence and prevalence

Answer 41

Occurance

Question 42

Indicates the number of new cases in a given population noted within a stated time period

Answer 42

Incidence

Question 43

The number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period

Answer 43

Prevalence

Question 44

Infections that can be spread from one person to another

Answer 44

Communicable diseases

Question 45

Diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities

Answer 45

Notifiable or Reportable

Question 46

May be performed after death to determine the exact cause of death, or determine the course of the illness and effectiveness of treatment

Answer 46

Autopsy or Postmortem Examination

Question 47

Refers to decrease in the size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass

Answer 47

Atrophy

Question 48

Refers to an increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

Answer 48

Hypertrophy

Question 49

Defined as an increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

Answer 49

Hyperplasia

Question 50

Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different cell type

Answer 50

Metaplasia

Question 51

The term applied to tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased

Answer 51

Dysplasia

Question 52

Refers to cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures, a characteristic of cancer, aggressiveness of a tumor

Answer 52

Anaplasia

Question 53

Means "new growth", commonly called a tumor Malignant - cancer Benign - less serious because they do not spread and are not life threatening unless they are found in certain locations (e.g. Brain)

Answer 53

Neoplasm

Question 54

Refers to programmed cell death, a normal occurrence in the body, which may increase when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, or cells are injured or aged

Answer 54

Apoptosis

Question 55

Deficit of oxygen in the cells

Answer 55

Ischemia

Question 56

Reduced oxygen in the tissue

Answer 56

Hypoxia

Question 57

In the absence of oxygen

Answer 57

Anaerobic

Question 58

The environment

Answer 58

Exogenous

Question 59

Inside the body

Answer 59

Endogenous

Question 60

Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye | Example: bacteria and viruses

Answer 60

Microorganisms

Question 61

Structural changes

Answer 61

Morphologic

Question 62

Dissolution, destruction of a cell

Answer 62

Lysis

Question 63

Destructive

Answer 63

Lysosomal

Question 64

Swelling, redness, and pain

Answer 64

Inflammation

Question 65

Term used when a group of cells die

Answer 65

Necrosis

Question 66

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes

Answer 66

Liquefaction necrosis

Question 67

Occurs when the cell proteins are altered or denatured and the cells retain some form for a time after death Example: frying an egg

Answer 67

Coagulative necrosis

Question 68

Occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes, may increase inflammation

Answer 68

Fat necrosis

Question 69

A form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms Example: Tuberculosis

Answer 69

Caseous Necrosis

Question 70

Term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from the lack of oxygen

Answer 70

Infarction

Question 71

Refers to an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Answer 71

Gangrene