Chapter 1 Introduction To Computers And Python 1.6-1.9 Flashcards
______ _______ are software systems that make using computers more convening for users, application developers and system administrators. They provide services that allow each application to execute safely, efficiently and concurrently with other application
Operating systems
Software that contains the core components of the operating system is called the ______
Kernel
This operating system consists of graphical user interface built on top of DOS (Disk Operating System)— an enormously popular personal-computer operating system that users interact with by typing commands
Windows operating system
This operating systems is among the greatest successes of the open-source movement
Linux operating system
______-______ software departs from the proprietary software development style that dominated software’s early years
Open-source software
Individuals and companies contribute their efforts in developing, maintaining and evolving software in exchange for the right to use that software for their own purposes, typically at no charge
What open-source organization is responsible for Python?
Python Software Foundation
What open-source community organization provides tools for managing open-source projects-it has millions of them under development
GitHub
What open-source community organization is originally the creators of Apache web server, they now oversee 350 open-source projects, including several big data infrastructure technologies
Apache Software Foundation
What open-source community organization helps programmers conveniently develop software?
Eclipse Foundation
What open-source community organization is the creator of the Firefox web browser
Mozilla Foundation
What open-source community organization focuses on open-source tools and data for machine learning
OpenML
What open-source community organization which focuses on open-source computer-vision tools that can be used across a range of operating systems and programming languages
OpenCV
Rapid improvements to computing and communications, _______ costs and open-source software have made it much _____ and more _____ to create software-based businesses now than just a decade ago.
Decrease, easier, economical
Example: facebook built with open-source software
The core of the most popular open-source, freely distributed, full-featured operating system.
Linux kernel
Unlike proprietary OS systems like Windows and macOS, _____ source code (the program code) is available to the public for examination and modification and is free to download and install
Linux
Apple introduced its new ____ programming language which became open source in 2015. The iOS app-development community has largely shifted from Objective-C to ______ (same answer for both blanks)
Swift
__________— the fastest growing mobile and smartphone operating system—is based on the Linux kernel and the Java programming language. It is opened source and free
Android
What does cross-platform mean?
These are tools that you can use to develop apps that will run portably on Android, iOS and other platforms (like the web)
Windows is a(n) __________ operating system—it’s controlled by Microsoft exclusively
Proprietary
T/F Proprietary code is often scrutinized by a much larger audience than open-source software, so errors often get removed faster
False. Open-source code is often scrutinized by a much larger audience than proprietary software, so errors often get removed faster
T/F iOS dominates the global smartphone market over android
False, Android currently controls 88% of the smartphone market
Python supports popular program _____—procedural, ______, object-oriented and reflective
Paradigms, functional
Python simplifies concurrent programming—with _______ and _______/______, you’re able to write single threaded concurrent code, greatly simplified the inherently complex process of writing debugging and maintaining that code
Asyncio, Async/wait
Used to build anything from simple scripts to complex apps with massive numbers of users such as Dropbox, YouTube, Reddit, Instagram and Quora
Python
It’s popular in artificial intelligence, which enjoys explosive growth, in part because of its special relationship with data science
Python
Summarizes Python creators design principles for the language
Tim Peter’s’ The Zen of Python
This list can be viewed in IPython with the command: import this
The Zen of Python is defined in Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) 20. “A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python community or describing a new feature for Python or its processes or environment
The _______ __________ summarizes Python creator Guido van Rossum’s design principles for the Python language
Zen of Python
T/F The Python language supports popular programming paradigms-procedural, functional, object-oriented and reflective
True
T/F R is the most popular data-science programming language
False. Python recently surpassed R as the most popular data-science programming language
Why are libraries important?
Making new code is costly and time consuming
You can simply create an object of a pre-existing library class, which takes only a single Python statement. Libraries will help you perform significant tasks with modest amounts of code.
The Python Standard Library provides:
Rich capabilities for text/binary data processing
Math
Functional-style programming
File/directory access
Data persistence
Data compression/archiving
Cryptography
OS services
Concurrent programming
Interprocess communication
Networking protocols
JSON/XML/other Internet data formats
Multimedia
Internalization
GUI
Debugging
Profiling and more
________ help you avoid “reinventing the wheel” thus leveraging your program-development efforts
Libraries
The _________ ___________ ________ provides rich capabilities for many common Python programming tasks
Python Standard Library
Today, most code for general-purpose operating systems and other performance-critical systems is written in
C or C++
A key goal of _________ is to enable developers to write programs that will run on a great variety of computer systems and computer-controlled devices. This is sometimes called “write once, run anywhere”
Java
Was developed to integrate the web into computer applications and is now widely used to develop many types of applications. Is one of Microsoft’s three primary object-oriented programming languages—the other two are Visual C++ and Visual Basic
C#
Most widely used scripting language. Used to add programmability to web pages like animations and interactivity with the user. All major web browsers support it.
JavaScript
________ and ____ are the most widely used data-science languages
Python and R
