Chapter 1 Intro To Computers And Python 1.1-1.5

Question 1

Every year or 2, the capacities of computers have doubled inexpensively. This trend is called

Answer 1

Moore’s law

Question 2

What units or sections can computers be divided into despite their physical appearance

6 answers

Answer 2

Input unit
Output unit
Memory unit
Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)
Centra processing unit (CPU)
Secondary storage unit

Question 3

This “receiving” section obtains info from _______ devices and places it at the disposal of the other units for processing.

Answer 3

Input unit

Question 4

This “shipping” section takes info the computer has processed and places it on various _______ devices to make it available for use outside the computer

Answer 4

Output unit

Question 5

Information is commonly _____ to secondary storage devices such as SSDs, hard drives, etc

Answer 5

Output

Question 6

Rapid-access, low capacity “warehouse” section retains info that has been entered through the input unit, making it immediately available for processing when needed.

Answer 6

Memory or random access memory (RAM)

Question 7

Is the info on the ram retained after computer is shut off?

Answer 7

No, it’s volatile and is lost when computer is shut off. Usually has 12, 16 or 8GB. 1GB is one million bytes. A byte is eight bits. A bit is either a 0 or a 1

Question 8

This “manufacturing” section performs calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Plus the decision mechanism to compare 2 items from memory units to see if they’re equal.

Answer 8

ALU
Arithmetic and logic unit
It is part of the CPU

Question 9

The “administrative” section coordinates and supervises the operation of the other sections.

Answer 9

Central processing unit
CPU

Question 10

Having more than one processor

Answer 10

Multicore processors, can perform many operations simultaneously

Question 11

Long-term, high capacity “warehouse” section.

Answer 11

Hard drive or secondary storage unit
Houses programs or data not actively being used by other units until they are needed in the future. Info is persistent and takes longer to access.
1 terabyte is one trillion bytes

Question 12

Define

Data hierarchy

Answer 12

Data items processed by computers from a data hierarchy that becomes larger and more complex in structure. Processed from simplest to richer ones.

Question 13

Short for binary digit

Answer 13

A bit

Question 14

Can have the value of 0 or 1. The smallest data item in a computer.

Answer 14

A bit

Question 15

Digits, letters and symbols are known as

Answer 15

Characters

Question 16

Decimal digits are from what to what

Answer 16

0-9

Question 17

Contains characters used to write programs and represents data items

Answer 17

Character sets

Question 18

Character set used by Python that are composed of one, two, three or four bytes (8,16,24 or 32 bits, respectively) - known as** UTF-8 encoding**

Answer 18

Unicode

Question 19

Subset of Unicode that represents letters, digits and some special characters

Answer 19

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Question 20

Composed of characters or bytes, not bits

Answer 20

Fields

Question 21

Composed of several fields

Answer 21

Record

Question 22

Example of a record and payroll, include fields

Answer 22

Employee identification number (a whole number)
Name (string of characters)
Address (string of characters)
Hourly pay rate (number with a decimal)

Thus a record is a group of related fields

Question 23

A group of related records. Contains arbitrary formats.

Answer 23

File

Question 24

A group of related records viewed simply as a _________ in some operating systems

Answer 24

Sequence of bytes

Question 25

A collection of data organized for easy access and manipulation

Answer 25

Database

Question 26

Most popular model of database in which data is stored in simple tables.

Answer 26

Relational database

Question 27

Includes records and fields

Answer 27

A table. Example: table of students might include first name, last name, mayor, year.
The data for each student is a record. The individual pieces of info in each record are fields.

Question 28

3 general types of programming languages

Answer 28

* Machine languages
* Assembly languages
* High-level languages

Question 29

Name the language

Defined by its hardware design. Generally consists of strings and numbers that instruct a computer to perform elementary operations at a time

Answer 29

Machine language
They are machine dependent

Question 30

Language cumbersome to humans

Answer 30

Machine language
It has a lot of numbers. Ex: payroll program that adds overtime pay to base pay and stores the results in gross pay

+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027

Question 31

What is an assembly language?

Answer 31

The English-like abbreviations programmers started to use instead of using strings of numbers that computers could directly understand but was too slow and tedious for most programmers to use

Question 32

What are translator programs called that were developed to convert assembly-language programs to machine language at computer speeds?

Answer 32

Assemblers
Example:
Assembly-language payroll program also adds overtime pay to base pay and stores the result in gross pay

Load basepay
Add overpay
Store grosspay

Although such code is clearer to humans, it’s incomprehensible to computers until translated to machine language

Question 33

What is a high-level language?

Answer 33

A language developed in which single statements could be written to accomplish substantial tasks

Question 34

A typical high-level-language program contains many statements, known as the program’s _______ ________

Answer 34

Source code

Question 35

What are translator programs called that convert high-level-language source code into machine language?

Answer 35

Compilers

Question 36

__________ programs, developed to execute high-level language programs directly, avoid the delay of compilation, although they run slower than compiled programs

Answer 36

Interpreter programs

Question 37

Translator programs called _______ convert assembly-language programs to machine language at computer speeds

Answer 37

Assemblers

Question 38

____________ programs, developed to execute high-level-language programs directly, avoid the delay of compilation, although they run slower than compiled programs

Answer 38

Interpreter

Question 39

T/F High-level languages allow you to write instructions that look almost like everyday English and contain commonly used mathematical notations

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Performing a task in a program requires a ______ (it houses the program statements that perform its tasks, it essentially hides these statements from its users)

Answer 40

Method

Question 41

In Python, a program called a ____ houses the set of ____ that perform the ______ tasks

Answer 41

Class, methods, class’s
Example: a class represents a bank account, it might contain one method to deposit money to an account, another to withdraw money from an account and a third to inquire what the account’s balance is

Question 42

The process of building an object before a program can perform the tasks that the class’s methods define is called

Answer 42

Instantiation, an object is referred to as an instance of its class

Question 43

You can reuse a class many times to build many ____

Answer 43

Objects

Question 44

Why does the reuse of existing classes and components also help build more reliable and effective systems?

Answer 44

This is because existing classes and components often have undergone extensive testing, debugging and performance tuning. Reusable classes are crucial to the software revolution that has spurred by object technology

Question 45

What is it called when you send a message to an object for it to perform a task?

Answer 45

Method call, it tells a method of the object to perform its task
For example: a program might call a bank-account object’s deposit method to increase the account’s balance

Question 46

An object has ______ that it carries along as it’s used in a program. These _______ are specified as part of the object’s class. (same word for both blanks)

Answer 46

Attributes
Example: bank-account object knows the balance in the account it represents, but not the balance of other accounts in the bank.

Question 47

Attributes are specified by the class’s _________ _________

Answer 47

Instance variables
The class’s, its object attributes and methods are intimately related so classes wrap together their attributes and methods.

Question 48

A new class of objects can be created conveniently by _______ — the new class (called ______) starts with the characteristics of existing class (called the ______), possibly customizing them and adding unique characteristics of its own

Answer 48

Inheritance, subclass, superclass

Question 49

How to create the best solution to large complex projects? Step by step

Answer 49

• Perform a detailed analysis process for dermining the projects requirements (what the system is supposed to do)
• Then develop a design that satisfies them (specifying how the system should do it)
• Review the design before writing any code (have your design reviewed by other software professionals)

Question 50

What is it called when the process of analyzing and designing your system from an object-oriented point of view?

Answer 50

Object-oriented analysis-and-design (OOAD) process
~~~

``` Languages like Python are like this and allow you to implement an object-oriented design as a working system

Question 51

The size, shape, color and weight of an object are _______ of the object’s class

Answer 51

Attributes

Question 52

T/F objects, or more precisely, the classes objects come from, are essentially reusable software components

Answer 52

True