CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards
BIOCHEMISTRY
chemistry of the living cell
goal:
* descibe life’s processes at the —- level
* have knowledge of the chemical structures of the participating molecules
* have an understanding of the biologival function of the cellular molecules
molecular
2 Levels of Biochemistry
1. discovering the chemical structures and 3D arrangement of biomolecules
2. defining a language for communication inside cells and organisms; function of molecules
- conformational
- informational
Importance of Biochemistry
- Biochemical studies lead us to the fundamental understanding of life
- Has profound influence on our understanding of vast fields such as medicine, health and nutrition
- BIochemical discoveries advances biotechnology
basic structural and functional unit of life
cell
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are compoesd of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
associated with inventing the first optical telescope and first true compound microscope
Zacharias Jansen
father of microbiology
Anton van Leuwenhoek
coined the term “cell”
Robert Hooke
cells are basic unit of plant life
matthias schleiden
cells are basic unit of animal life
theodor schwann
cells come from pre-existing cells
rudolf virchow
- outer covering of the cell
- composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates
- follows the fluid mosaic model
- ____= collection of carbohydrates
- integral membrane proteins - two-end
- peripheral membrane proteins- one-end
Functions:
1. acts as selectively permeable membrane
2. enables communication with the outside environment
3. maintains constant environment
plasma membrane
glycocalyx
composed of endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, transport vesicles, plasma membrane
cytomembrane system
- series of long canals running throughout the cell with ribosomes attached
- transport proteins to the golgi bodies
rough ER
- tubular in form and lacking ribosomes
- lipid synthesis
- modify molecules, i.e. drugs, pesticides
smooth ER
- series of tubular sacks discovered by Camilo Golgi
- package, sort, export materials to the different parts of the cell
golgi apparatus
transport materials from Golgi apparatus to the other parts of the cell
transport vesicles
- round, membrane-bound organelle
- suicidal organelle
- digests and degrades materials in the cell
lysosomes
- organelles bound by membrane
- site for peroxide degradation
- site for alcohol degradation (in liver and kidneys)
peroxisome
- area where genetic material is found
- site for DNA duplication
- site of DNA control
- —-liquid part
- —-area where genetic materials move out
- —–synthesize ribosomal RNA
nucleus
nucleoplasm
nucleur pore
nucleolus
- center of metabolism
- contains own DNA
- outer membrane - protection
- inner membrane - folds - _____
mitochondria
cristae
maintains cell shape, provides support, and enables movement of the cell and organelles
cytoskeleton
- thin, linear cytoskeleton with sub-units - actin
- help cell contract during cell division
- cytoplasmic streaming
- maintain cell shape
microfilament
- made up of fibrous proteins - keratin
- stabilizes cells structure by anchoring some organelles
- resist tension
intermediate filament
- cylindrical/ tubular in shape with sub-units - tubulins
- form rigid internal skeleton
- form some parts of cilia and flagella
microtubules
locomotory organelles
- whip-like structure
- hair-like projections around the body
flagella
cilia
- no true nucleus
- genetic material exists in an unenclosed area of the cell (nucleoid region)
- 1-2 micrometer in diameter
- no membrane-bound organelles
- cell wall is present
prokaryotic cell
- genetic material enclosed in the nucleus
- nuclear membrane regulates passageway of nucleic acids to the nucleus and out
- 10-30 micrometer in diameter
- membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
