Chapter 1 Introduction & Research Flashcards

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1
Q

Define => PSYCHOLOGY

A

Science of mental processes & behavior.

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2
Q

Define => SCIENCE

A

Way of answering questions, relying on logic to reason about possible causes of a phenomenon & collecting new facts to test resulting ideas.

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3
Q

List the “Levels of analysis”

A

Biological (Brain & Genetic)
Personal (Beliefs, desires & feelings)
Group (Social interactions & cultural influences)

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4
Q

Define => PHILOSOPHY

A

Use of logic and speculation to understand the nature of reality and values.

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5
Q

Define => PHYSIOLOGY

A

Study of the biological workings of the body(including the brain).

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6
Q

Define => CONSCIOUSNESS

A

The state of being aware.

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7
Q

List the major schools of psychology.

A
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt psychology
  • Psychodynamic theory
  • Behaviourism
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
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8
Q

Explain Structuralism

A

Names: Willhelm Wundt & Edward Tichener

The basic elements (building blocks) of experience & consciousness form mental structures.

Basic elements are sensations & feelings.

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9
Q

Explain Functionalism

A

Names: William James

The mind/consciousness helps us adapt/survive (function in) to the world around us.
Influenced by Darwin.

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10
Q

Explain Gestalt Psychology

A

Names: Wertheimer

The brain organizes material into overarching patterns/ perceptual units.
“The whole is greater than its parts”

Examples of perceptual units: Flock of birds, Marching Band

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11
Q

Explain Psychodynamic Theory

A

Names: Freud

The mind is made up of separate components.
Some mental processes are unconscious.
Conscious and unconscious thoughts, feelings and impulses drive our behaviour.

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12
Q

Explain Behaviourism

A

Names: B.F. Skinner, John Watson

Stimuli evoke responses and consequences of responses.
Mental processes and not useful, to understand behaviour, study behaviour.

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13
Q

Explain Humanistic Psychology

A

Names: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

People have free will, positive values and deep inner creativity.
Non-scientific approach.
People have an urge to self-actualize.

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14
Q

Explain Cognitive Psychology

A

Names: Simon, Newell, Neisser

Mental processes are like information processing on a computer.

Mental processes are software, the brain is the hardware.

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15
Q

Explain Cognitive Neuroscience

A

A mix of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience

Aims to specify how the brain stores and processes information.

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16
Q

Explain Evolutionary Psychology

A

Important cognitive strategies have been built into our brain by natural selection and as such are inborn.

17
Q

What does a Clinical Psychologist do?

A

Provides Psychotherapy.

Provides and interprets psychological tests.

18
Q

What does a Counselling Psychologist do?

A

Helps people with issues that naturally arise during the course of life.

19
Q

What does a Developmental Psychologist do?

A

Researches and explains how thinking, feeling and behaviour develop with age and experience.

20
Q

What does an Applied Psychologist do?

A

Studies how to improve products and procedures to solve specific practical problems.

21
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A
  • Specify a problem
  • Observe events(phenomena) and collect data
  • Form a hypothesis
  • Test the hypothesis
  • Formulate a theory
  • Test the theory
22
Q

What is a theory?

A

Interlocking set of concepts, that explain a set of observations.

23
Q

Give examples of Descriptive Research:

A
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Case Studies
  • Survey