Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
sensation
The ability to detect a stimulus and, perhaps, to turn that detection into a private experience.
perception
The act of giving meaning to a detected sensation.
qualia
In philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception.
dualism
The idea that the mind has an existence separate from the material world of the body.
materialism
The idea that the only thing that exists is matter, and that all things, including the mind and consciousness, are the results of interaction between bits of matter.
panpsychism
The idea that the mind exists as a property of all matter – that is, that all matter has consciousness.
psychophysics
The science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events.
two-point touch threshold
The minimum distance at which two stimuli (e.g. two simultaneous touches) are just perceptible as separate.
just noticeable difference (JND) -or- difference threshold
The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as different from a reference stimulus.
Weber fraction
The constant of proportionality in Weber’s law.
Weber’s law
The principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus.
Fechner’s law
A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity.
absolute threshold
The minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
method of constant stimuli
A psychophysical method in which many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable (or rarely to almost always perceivably different from a reference stimulus), are presented one at a time. Participants repsond to each presentation: “yes/no,” “same/different,” and so on.
method of limits
A psycholophysical method in which the particular dimension of a stimulus, or the difference between two stimuli, is varied incrementally until the participant responds differently.
method of adjustment
A method of limits in which the subject controls the change in the stimulus.
magnitude estimation
A psychophysical method in which the participants assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
Steven’s power law
A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent.
cross-modality matching
The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. The ability allows insight into sensory differences. For example, a listener might adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the loudness of a tone.
supertaster
Supertasters are those individuals who experience the most intense taste sensations; for some stimuli, they are dramatically more intense than for medium tasters or nontasters. Supertasters also tend to experience more intense oral burn and oral touch sensations.
signal detection theory
A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise. Measures obtained from a series of presentations are sensitivity (d’) and criterion of the observer.
criterion
In signal detection theory, an internal threshold that is set by the observer. If the internal response is above criterion, the observer gives one response (e.g., “yes, I hear that”). Below criterion, the observer gives another response (e.g., “no, I hear nothing”).
sensitivity
In signal detection theory, a value that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus or the difference between stimulus 1 and stimulus 2.
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
In studies of signal detection, the graphical plot of the hit rate as a function of the false-alarm rate. If these are the same, points fall on the diagonal, indicating that the observer cannot tell the difference between the presence and absence of the signal. As the observer’s sensitivity increases, the curve bows upward toward the upper left corner, That point represents a perfect ability to distinguish signal from noise (100% hits, 0% false alarms).