Chapter 1: Introduction

Question 1

Behaviour

Answer 1

any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

a relatively enduring change in behaviour that results from some type of experience

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

process whereby unlearned behaviours are elicited in new circumstances

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

the strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as the result of its consequences

Question 5

Observational learning

Answer 5

the act of observing someone else’s behaviour facilitates the occurrance of similar behaviour in oneself

Question 6

Nativism

Answer 6

“nature”
Plato
a person’s abilities are largely inborn

Question 7

Empiricism

Answer 7

“nurture”
Aristotle
a person’s abilities and tendencies are mostly learned

Question 8

The Law of Similarity

Answer 8

similar events are readily associated

Question 9

The Law of Contrast

Answer 9

opposite events are readily associated

Question 10

The Law of Contiguity

Answer 10

events that occur in close proximity to each other are readily associated

Question 11

The Law of Frequency

Answer 11

the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated

Question 12

Descartes

Answer 12

Mind-Body Dualism

Question 13

Mind-Body Dualism

Answer 13

some human behaviours are automatically elicited reflexes, while others are controlled by the mind

Question 14

The British Empiricists

Answer 14

knowledge is a function of experience

Question 15

John Locke

Answer 15

a newborn mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate)

Question 16

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 16

Structuralism

Question 17

Structuralism

Answer 17

studies the basic elements of the conscious mind and how they are combined to create more complex experiences

Question 18

Introspection

Answer 18

an attempt to accurately describe conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensations

Question 19

William James

Answer 19

Functionalism

Question 20

Functionalism

Answer 20

assumes the mind evolved to help adapt to the world around us
made use of introspection

Question 21

John B. Watson

Answer 21

Behaviourism

Question 22

Behaviourism

Answer 22

emphasizes the study of environmental influences on observable behaviour
stressed to objectify psychology

Question 23

Methodological Behaviourism
(person)

Answer 23

Watson

Question 24

Methodological Behaviourism
(define)

Answer 24

psychologists should only study those behaviours that can be directly observed

Question 25

Stimulus-Response Theory

Answer 25

learning consists of a connection between a stimulus and a response

Question 26

Which school of behaviourism does S-R theory belong to?

Answer 26

Watson's Methodological Behaviourism

Question 27

Neobehaviourism (person)

Answer 27

Hull

Question 28

Neobehaviourism (define)

Answer 28

using intervening variables in the form of hypothesized PHYSIOLOGICAL processes to help explain behaviour

Question 29

Input > Intervening Variables > Output

Answer 29

Neobehaviourism

Question 30

Cognitive Behaviourism (person)

Answer 30

Tolman

Question 31

Cognitive Behaviourism (defined)

Answer 31

using intervening variables in the form of hypothesized COGNITIVE processes to help explain behaviour

Question 32

Cognitive Map

Answer 32

mental representation of surroundings Tlman

Question 33

Latent Learning

Answer 33

learning occurs despite the absence of any observable information Tolman

Question 34

"Behaviour is PURPOSIVE and COGNITIVE" comes from which school of behaviourism

Answer 34

Tolman's Cognitive Behaviourism

Question 35

Social Learning Theory (person)

Answer 35

Bandura

Question 36

Social Learning Theory (define)

Answer 36

emphasizes observational learning and cognitive variables

Question 37

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 37

environmental events, observable behaviour, and personal variables reciprocally influence each other

Question 38

Reciprocal Determinism belongs to which school of behaviourism?

Answer 38

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Question 39

Radical Behaviourism (person)

Answer 39

Skinner

Question 40

Radical Behaviourism (define)

Answer 40

1. influence of environment on observable (overt) behaviour 2. rejects use of internal events to explain behaviour 3. thoughts and feelings are private (covert) and need to be explained

Question 41

Basic Behaviour Analysis

Answer 41

radical behaviourism investigates the basic principles of behaviour, especially those concerned in operant conditioning

Question 42

Applied Behaviour Analysis

Answer 42

applies basic principles of behaviour toward the analysis and improvement of real world issues

Question 43

BCBA

Answer 43

Board Certifies Behaviour Analyst conducts behavioural assessment and oversees the delivery of behavioural interventions