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PSYCH 371 > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

the science of behavior and mind

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2
Q

What is science?

A

an objective way to evaluate hypotheses

based on observable facts (data) and well described and repeatable methods

construct a model of the world that is the best we have at a moment in time

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3
Q

What is behavior?

A

observable actions of a person or animal

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4
Q

What is the mind?

A

thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences

internal representation that we experience and assume others have

not directly observable

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5
Q

How can one study an unobservable concept/process/entity like the mind?

A

through observation of physical and bodily phenomena (i.e. behavior)

there is plenty of evidence to suggest that organisms store and use knowledge

this process is at the crux of what we will study in this course

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6
Q

What is neurobiology?

A

study of the structure and operation of the nervous system

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7
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

the physiological system comprising the CNS (brain, spinal cord) and PNS (nerve) which controls the dynamic and adaptive operations of the body, both overt and covert

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8
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience?

A

aka physiological psychology, psychobiology, neuropsychology

the overlap of psychology and neurobiology

study of how the brain operates to produce behavior

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9
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

aka neuropsychology

the specifics of human behavioral neuroscience of the interface of cognitive psychology and neurobiology

study of how the brain operates to produce mind/cognition

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10
Q

What is learning?

A

behaviorist definition: process by which the environment modifies behavioral expression

cognitive definition: process by which knowledge is acquired

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11
Q

What is memory?

A

process by which environmental modifications upon behavioral expression (i.e., learning) are maintained

process by which knowledge is maintained

retaining the process of learning

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12
Q

What is the first premise of the neurobiology of learning and memory?

A

the operation of the nervous system is completely responsible for behavior and mind

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13
Q

What is the second premise of the neurobiology of learning and memory?

A

environmental influences that modify behavior or thought must reflect functional (& structural) changes in the nervous system

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14
Q

What are the brain mechanisms of learning and memory?

A

the brain is plastic, it exhibits activity-dependent changes in structure (anatomy) and function (physiology)

learning involves making plastic changes in the brain, these changes affect neural responses and thus influence ongoing behavior

memory involves the retention of these plastic changes, possibility to influence future behavior

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15
Q

What is the theme of connection in the textbook?

A

memory is a function of the modified connections between the units of the nervous system (neurons)

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16
Q

What is the theme of cognition in the textbook?

A

memory is defined and constrained by higher order psychological aspects that can manifest themselves as complex associations in both humans and animals

17
Q

What is the theme of compartmentalization in the textbook?

A

different brain systems are differentially involved in different forms of memory

18
Q

What is the theme of consolidation in the textbook?

A

permanent (long-term) memory traces require a process separate from that of short-term traces

19
Q

What are the aspects of the psychological approach to learning and memory?

A

“black box” approach

don’t look inside the structure, just the function of memory

20
Q

What are the aspects of the neurobiological approach to learning and memory?

A

look inside the structure at brain systems, synapses, molecules

21
Q

What concepts are associated with Aristotle?

A

importance of association

associate concepts to remember

as objects on a familiar path

22
Q

What concepts are associated with Ebbinghaus?

A

forgetting, savings, massed vs spaced training

used himself as subject

nonsense syllables; if you don’t study it you won’t remember

savings: took less time to re-learn

massed vs. spaced; intense, quick (massed) vs. took his time (spaced), spaced less likely to be forgotten (time between is important)

23
Q

What concepts are associated with Muller and Pilzecker?

A

rehearsal, interference and consolidation

after learning a list, subjects couldn’t help but replay it in their minds, to prevent they got subjects to do something else to stop this, interfered with rehearsal process, decreased memory

24
Q

What concepts are associated with William James?

A

flavours of memory

phases: temporal staging (short vs. long-term)

types of memories (habits vs. memories)

25
Q

What concepts are associated with Pavlov?

A

conditioned reflexes

stimulus-response learning

26
Q

What are the influences of philosophy on psychology?

A

Greeks proposed idea of mind (spirit-self), divided into components (sensation and memory), location (brain and heart)

adopted by western religions, mind (soul) and body (brain) separate, dualism, scientific study of mind not possible, mind-body problem

current scientific theory: mind generated through operation of the body (brain), materialism, scientific study possible

27
Q

What was Ivan Pavlov’s reflexive conditioning?

A

Nobel laureate: physiology of digestion, discovery of conditioning incidental (accidental)

father of S-R (learning) theory: association of stimuli to responses; conditioned, unconditioned stimuli and responses

led to behaviorism, Watson, Skinner

28
Q

What are is learning and memory in the view of behaviorist theorists?

A

Pavlov/Watson (S-R learning theory) all behaviors and behavioral modification are reflexive

Thorndike/Skinner (Operant conditioning): influence of the consequences of behavior upon future behavior

Tolman (Latent learning): place learning in mazes

29
Q

What concepts are associated with Ramon y Cajal?

A

neuron theory, synapses site of intercellular communication and modifications

neurons are the building blocks, used the Golgi method to determine this

the connections (synapses) was the site of modification

30
Q

What concepts are associated with Ribot, Alzheimer, and Korsakoff?

A

brain related memory disorders, recent vs. remote

head trauma, age, and alcohol are all causes

memory disorders impaired recent memory, not remote

31
Q

What concepts are associated with Hebb?

A

theory of neuronal association

“cells that fire together, wire together”

experience contingent brain modification

synaptic model for associative learning - Hebbian synapse

Bliss and Lomo - LTP

32
Q

What concepts are associated with Kandel?

A

theory into reality: memory is long-lasting changes of synaptic efficacy

showed Hebb’s idea was right

direct link between learning and synaptic change

aplysia and simple learning

33
Q

What concepts are associated with Brenda Milner?

A

HM and memory systems

demonstrated memory had different forms, declarative vs. procedural

multiple memory systems in human

HM and the importance of the medical temporal lobe in explicit vs. implicit memory

34
Q

What role did Ribot play in the search for the engram in the brain?

A

Ribot: brain damage causing retrograde amnesia, idea of lability and consolidation

Korsakoff/Alzheimer: neural degeneration causing anterograde amnesia and graded retrograde amnesia

lack of learning

35
Q

What role did Lashley play in the search for the engram in the brain?

A

physical location of the engram

went looking for memory location, don’t exist in just one spot

90% rule: mass action theory, if you’re missing 90% of brain then stuff will go wrong

36
Q

What concepts are associated with Olds and P. Milner?

A

reward circuits in the brain

brain mechanism for operant conditioning

37
Q
A

PSYCH 371 (17 decks)

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