Chapter 1: Introduction

Question 1

Basic working unit of the brain; where the adult brain form connections between.

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

A biological process through which new neurons are formed; said to occur in the lateral subventricular zone (SVZ) & the DG of the hippocampus.

Answer 2

Neurogenesis

Question 3

A region in a brain that is important in speech production.

Answer 3

Broca’s area

Question 4

First psychology textbook written by Wilhelm Wundt.

Answer 4

Principles of Physiological Psychology

Question 5

What topics are included in the research in neuroscience?

Answer 5

Perceptual processes
Control of movement
Sleep & waking
Reproductive behaviors
Ingestive behaviors
Emotional behaviors
Learning
Language

Question 6

2 forms of scientific explanation.

Answer 6

Generalization
Reduction

Question 7

Refers to explanations as examples of general laws, which are revealed through experiments.

Answer 7

Generalization

Question 8

Refers to explanations of complex phenomena in terms of simpler ones.

Answer 8

Reduction

Question 9

Can tell us something about psychological processes such as language, memory, or mood.

Answer 9

Psychological mechanisms

Question 10

A system that receives information from the sensory organs and controls the movements of the muscles.

Answer 10

Nervous System

Question 11

A belief in the dual nature of reality; mind and body are separate, the body is made of ordinary matter but the mind isn’t.

Answer 11

Dualism

Question 12

A belief that everything in the universe consists of matter and energy; mind is a phenomenon caused by the workings of the nervous system.

Answer 12

Monism

Question 13

Observation of Müller that although all nerves carry the same basic message—an electrical impulse—we perceive the messages of different
nerves in different ways.

Answer 13

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 14

A method where you could infer the
function of the missing portion of the brain by seeing what the animal could no longer do.

Answer 14

Experimental ablation

Question 15

Where the nerve cells there communicate directly with those that cause muscular contractions.

Answer 15

Primary motor cortex

Question 16

A belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions.

Answer 16

Functionalism

Question 17

The natural environment shaped the process of evolution of species.

Answer 17

Natural selection

Question 18

Controlled by animal breeders to produce many varieties of species.

Answer 18

Artificial selection

Question 19

Accidental changes in the chromosomes of sperm or eggs that join together and develop
into new organisms.

Answer 19

Mutation

Question 20

The animal is more likely than other members of its species to live long enough to reproduce and hence to pass on its chromosomes to its own offspring.

Answer 20

Selective advantage

Question 21

A gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species as a result of natural selection.

Answer 21

Evolution

Question 22

Humanlike apes

Answer 22

Hominids

Question 23

Species scattered across Europe & Asia; name means “upright man”.

Answer 23

Homo erectus

Question 24

Homo erectus appears to have been the ancestor of whom?

Answer 24

Homo neanderthalis

Question 25

Species that evolved in East Africa around 100,000 years ago.

Answer 25

Homo Sapiens

Question 26

Institution that reviews all proposals for research involving animals, with the intent of ensuring humane and ethical treatment of all animals
involved.

Answer 26

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Question 27

Functions similarly to the IACUC to ensure ethical treatment of volunteers in research.

Answer 27

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Question 28

Describes the process in which researchers must inform any potential participant about the nature of the study, how any data will be collected and stored, and what the anticipated benefits and costs of participating will be.

Answer 28

Informed consent

Question 29

Emerging interdisciplinary field devoted to better understanding implications of and developing best practices in ethics for neuroscience research with human participants

Answer 29

Neuroethics

Question 30

Study all behavioral phenomena that can be observed in humans and animals.

Answer 30

Behavioral neuroscientists

Question 31

Study of (or speculations about) the physiology of behavior has its roots in antiquity.

A papyrus scroll from approximately 1700 b.c.e. contains surgical records of head injuries and the oldest surviving descriptions
of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and skull (Feld
man and Goodrich, 1999).

Answer 31

Ancient World 

Question 32

believed that
the mind controlled the movements of the body, while the
body, through its sense organs, supplied the mind with
information about what was happening in the environment.

Answer 32

René Decartes

Question 33

Twentieth-century devel-
opments in experimental physiology included many impor-
tant inventions, such as sensitive amplifiers to detect weak
electrical signals, neurochemical techniques to analyze
chemical changes within and between cells, and histologi-
cal techniques to visualize cells and their constituents.

Answer 33

Contemporary Research

Question 34

gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species as a result of natural selection.

Answer 34

Evolution

Question 35

Students interested in neuroscience may take courses
in biology, chemistry, psychology, or other sciences in
high school.

Answer 35

Highschool

Question 36

Students interested in neuroscience may study biology,
chemistry, psychology, neuroscience, or other related
areas. Some students work as research assistants
in laboratories and develop mentored relationships
with researchers.

Answer 36

College

Question 37

Students can pursue advanced graduate training for
one or more years after college. Graduate training
typically involves advanced course work and more
independent research. Graduate students are expected
to conduct research (with the guidance of a research
mentor) and disseminate the results of their work. After
completing a graduate program, individuals may teach
in a secondary or postsecondary institution, conduct
research, or work in industry.

Answer 37

Graduate Training

Question 38

Postgraduate positions are more independent and
often involve additional training in specialized research
areas or with specialized research techniques. After
completing postgraduate training, individuals may
teach in a secondary or postsecondary institution,
conduct research, or work in industry.

Answer 38

Postgraduate Training

Question 39

Describe effective learning strategies for studying behavioral neuroscience.

Answer 39

• Take notes that organize information into meaningful
  groups.
• Teach yourself by teaching someone else.
• Study in the environment you will be tested in.
• Study with the absolute minimum of distractions.
• Spread out your study sessions.
• Study the most challenging topic first or last.
• Use mnemonics.