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A&P Cod > Chapter 1 - Intro to the Human Body - Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to the Human Body - Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

physiology

A

the science of body functions - how the body parts work

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3
Q

dissection

A

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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4
Q

atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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5
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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7
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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8
Q

organs

A

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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9
Q

system

A

consists of related organs with a common function

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10
Q

organism

A

any living individual - all the parts of the human body functioning together to constitute the total organism

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11
Q

noninvasive diagnostic technique

A

one that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

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12
Q

inspection

A

the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

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13
Q

palpation

A

the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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14
Q

auscultation

A

the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds

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15
Q

percussion

A

the examiner taps on the body surface with fingertips and listens to the resulting sound

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16
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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17
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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18
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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19
Q

responsivenss

A

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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20
Q

movement

A

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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21
Q

growth

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

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22
Q

differentiation

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

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23
Q

reproduction

A

refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the production of a new individual

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24
Q

autopsy

A

a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death

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25
Q

homeostasis

A

the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

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26
Q

body fluids

A

dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

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27
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid within cells

28
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside the body cells

29
Q

interstitial fluid (ICF)

A

the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

30
Q

blood plasma

A

the ECF within blood vessels

31
Q

lymph

A

the ECF within lymphatic vessels

32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

the ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

33
Q

synovial fluid

A

the ECF in joints

34
Q

aqueous humor / vitreous body

A

the ECF of the eyes

35
Q

feedback system / feedback loop

A

a cycle of event in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

36
Q

receptor

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

37
Q

control center

A

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

38
Q

effector

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response

39
Q

response

A

effect that changes the controlled condition

40
Q

negative feedback system

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition ex. blood pressure

41
Q

positive feedback system

A

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions ex. childbirth, or losing a great deal of blood

42
Q

disorder

A

any abnormality of structure

43
Q

disease

A

a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

44
Q

symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

45
Q

signs

A

objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

46
Q

epidemiology

A

the science that deals with why, when, and where disease occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

47
Q

pharmacology

A

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

48
Q

diagnosis

A

the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

49
Q

anatomical position

A

A standard position of reference in which the subject stand erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

50
Q

prone position

A

body is lying facedown

51
Q

supine position

A

body is lying faceup

52
Q

directional terms

A

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

53
Q

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

A

Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

ex. The heart is superior to the liver.

54
Q

Inferior

(caudal)

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.

ex. The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

55
Q

Anterior

(ventral)

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

ex. The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart.

56
Q

Posterior

(dorsal)

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

ex. The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).

57
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).

ex. The ulna is medial to the radius.

58
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline.

ex. The lungs are lateral to the heart.

59
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures.

ex. The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.

60
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure.

ex. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.

61
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

ex. The ascending and descending colon are contralateral.

62
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

ex. The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.

63
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

ex. The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).

64
Q

Superficial

(external)

A

Toward or on the surface of the body.

ex. The ribs are superficial to the lungs.

65
Q

Deep

(Internal)

A

Away from the surface of the body.

ex. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.

66
Q

planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

67
Q

sagital plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

A&P Cod (12 decks)

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