Chapter 1: Intro To The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of Anatomy?
A
Science of body structures and the relationships among them.
2
Q
What is the definition of Physiology?
A
Science of body functions. How the body parts work.
3
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
A
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organismal
4
Q
What is the chemical level of structural organization in the human body?
A
- Very basic level.
- Includes atoms (smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions).
- Includes molecules (2 or more atoms joined together).
5
Q
What is the cellular level of structural organization in the human body?
A
- Molecules combine to form cells.
- Cells are smallest living units in human body.
6
Q
What is the tissue level of structural organization in the human body?
A
- Tissues are group of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
4 basic types of tissues:
* Epithelial
* Connective
* Muscular
* Nervous
7
Q
What is the organ level of structural organization in the human body?
A
- Different types of tissue work together.
- Organs are structures, composed of 2 or more different types of tissues.
- Have specific functions.
- Usually have recognizable shapes.
8
Q
What is the system level of structural organization in the human body?
A
Consists of related organs with a common function (organ system).
9
Q
What is the organismal level of structural organization in the human body?
A
- Any living individual.
- All parts of human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
10
Q
What are the six important life processes of the human body?
A
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
11
Q
What is metabolism?
A
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in body.
Consists of 2 phases:
1. Catabolism (breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components).
2. Anabolism (building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components).
12
Q
What is responsiveness?
A
- Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
- Different cells in body respond to changes in characteristic ways.
13
Q
What is movement?
A
Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells.
14
Q
What is growth?
A
- Increase in body size that results from an increase in size of existing cells, an increase in number of cells, or both.
- Tissue sometimes increases in size because amount of material between cells increases.
15
Q
What is differentiation?
A
- Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
- Precursor cells, can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, known as stem cells.
16
Q
What is reproduction?
A
Refers to either:
1. Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement. 2. Production of a new individual. Formation of new cells occurs through cell division.
17
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in body’s internal environment.
18
Q
What is intracellular body fluid?
A
ICF refers to the fluid within cells.
19
Q
What is extra-cellular body fluid?
A
- ECF refers to fluid outside body cells.
- ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid.
20
Q
What is an important aspect of homeostasis?
A
Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids.
21
Q
How is homeostasis disturbed?
A
- From external environment (ex: intense heat in summer).
- From internal environment (blood glucose level falls when skipping a meal).
- From psychological stresses in our social environment (demands of work/school).
22
Q
How is homeostasis maintained?
A
Most often, nervous system and endocrine system, working together or independently, provide needed corrective measures.
23
Q
How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis?
A
- Sending nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs, can counteract changes from balanced state.
- Nerve impulses cause rapid changes.
- Usually works through negative feedback system.
24
Q
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?
A
- Endocrine system includes glands, secrete messenger molecules (hormones) into blood.
- Hormones work slowly.
- Usually works through negative feedback system.
25
What are the 2 types of **feedback systems**?
Negative feedback system and positive feedback system.
26
What is a **feedback system**?
* Cycle of events, status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated.
* Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition (controlled variable).
27
What is a **stimulus** in the feedback system?
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.
28
What are the 3 basic components of a **feedback system**?
1. A receptor.
2. A control center.
3. An effector.
29
What is a **receptor** in the feedback system?
* Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
* Is an **afferent pathway** (information flows **toward** control center).
* Typically, input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.
30
What is a **control center** in the feedback system?
* The brain. Sets the narrow range/set point within which controlled condition should be maintained.
* Evaluates input it receives from receptors.
* Generates output commands when they are needed.
31
What is **output** from the control center in the feedback system?
* Provides nerve impulses or chemical signals.
* Is an **efferent pathway** (information flows **away** from control center).
32
What is an **effector** in the feedback system?
* A body structure that receives output from the control center.
* Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
33
What is a **negative feedback system**?
* Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
* Regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods.
* Example: High blood pressure.
34
What is a **positive feedback system**?
* Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
* Event outside the system must shut if off.
* Example: Normal childbirth or massive blood loss.
35
How does the **negative feedback system** regulate blood pressure?
**Stimulus**: Disrupts homeostasis by increasing BP.
**Controlled Condition**: Blood pressure.
**Receptors**: Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels.
**Input**: Nerve impulses.
**Control Center**: Brain.
**Output**: Nerve impulses.
**Effectors**: Heart and blood vessels.
**Response**: Decrease in HR, dilation of blood vessels cause BP to decrease. Return to homeostasis when response brings BP back to normal.
36
How does the **positive feedback system** regulate childbirth?
**Stimulus**: Contractions of the wall of uterus force baby's head/body into cervix.
**Controlled Condition**: Stretching of the cervix.
**Receptors**: Stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix.
**Input**: Nerve impulses.
**Control Center**: Brain.
**Output**: Brain interprets input, releases oxytocin.
**Effectors**: Muscles in wall of uterus. Contract more forcefully.
**Response**: Baby's body stretches cervix more.
37
What is the **anatomical position** of the body?
* Subject stands erect facing the observer, head level and eyes facing directly forward.
* Lower limbs are parallel, feet are flat on floor, directed forward.
* Upper limbs are at sides with palm turned forward.
38
What is the **prone** position?
Body is lying facedown.
39
What is the **supine** position?
Body is lying faceup.
40
What are the **regional** names of the body?
1. **Head** (Cephalic)
2. **Neck** (Cervical)
3. **Trunk** (Chest, abdomen and pelvis)
4. **Upper limbs**
5. **Lower limbs**
41
What does the **Cephalic** (head) region consist of?
* **Cranial** (skull).
* **Facial** (face).
* **Frontal** (forehead).
* **Temporal** (temple).
* **Orbital** or **ocular** (eye).
* **Otic** (ear).
* **Buccal** (cheek).
* **Nasal** (nose).
* **Oral** (mouth).
* **Mental** (chin).
* **Occipital** (base of skull).
42
What does the **Trunk** region consist of?
**Thoracic** (chest):
* Sternal (breastbone).
* Mammary (breast).
**Abdominal** (abdomen):
* Umbilical (naval).
* Coxal (hip).
**Pelvic** (pelvis):
* Inguinal (groin).
* Pubic (pubis).
* Perineal (region of anus and external genitals).
43
What does the **upper limb** region consist of?
* **Axillary** (armpit).
* **Brachial** (arm).
* **Antecubital** (front of elbow).
* **Antebrachial** (forearm).
* **Carpal** (wrist).
* **Palmar** or **volar** (palm).
* **Dorsum** (back of hand).
* **Digital** or **phalangeal** (fingers).
* **Scapular** (shoulder blade).
* **Olecranal** or **Cubital** (back of elbow).
* **Manual** (hand).
* **Pollex** (thumb).
44
What does the **lower limb** region consist of?
* **Sacral** (between hips).
* **Gluteal** (buttock).
* **Popliteal** (hollow behind knee).
* **Sural** (calf).
* **Plantar** (sole).
* **Calcaneal** (heel).
* **Femoral** (thigh).
* **Patellar** (anterior surface of knee).
* **Crural** (leg).
* **Pedal** (foot).
* **Tarsal** (ankle).
* **Digital** or **Phalangeal** (toes).
* **Dorsum** (top of foot).
* **Hallux** (great toe).
45
What does **Superior** directional term refer to?
* Toward the head, or upper part of a structure.
* Example: The heart is superior to the liver.
46
What does **Inferior** directional term refer to?
* Away from the head, or lower part of a structure.
* Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
47
What does **Anterior** directional term refer to?
* Nearer to or at the front of the body.
* Example: The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart.
48
What does **Posterior** directional term refer to?
* Nearer to or at the back of the body.
* Example: The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).
49
What does **Medial** directional term refer to?
* Nearer to the midline (imaginary vertical line that divides body into equal right and left sides).
* Example: The ulna is medial to the radius.
50
What does **Lateral** directional term refer to?
* Farther from the midline.
* Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.
51
What does **Intermediate** directional term refer to?
* Between two structures.
* Example: The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.
52
What does **Ipsilateral** directional term refer to?
* On the same side of the body as another structure.
* Example: The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.
53
What does **Contralateral** directional term refer to?
* On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
* Example: The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.
54
What does **Proximal** directional term refer to?
* Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
* Example: The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.
55
What does **Distal** directional term refer to?
* Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
* Example: The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).
56
What does **Superficial (External)** directional term refer to?
* Toward or on the surface of the body.
* Example: The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
57
What does **Deep (Internal)** directional term refer to?
* Away from the surface of the body.
* Example: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
58
What are the **planes** through the human body?
* Frontal.
* Transverse.
* Sagittal.
* Oblique planes.
59
What is a **sagittal** plane?
* Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
60
What is a **midsagittal** plane?
* When the plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
61
What is the **midline**?
* Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.
62
What is a **parasagittal** plane?
* When the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, instead divides body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.
63
What is a **frontal** plane?
* Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
64
What is a **transverse** plane?
* Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
* Can also be referred to as a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.
65
What is an **oblique** plane?
* Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle).
66
What is a **section** view?
* Is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
67
What is a **body cavity**?
* Spaces that enclose internal organs.
* Bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another.
68
What are the different **body cavities**?
1. **Cranial Cavity** (includes vertebral canal).
2. **Thoracic Cavity** (includes pleural cavity, pericardial cavity and mediastinum).
3. **Abdominopelvic Cavity** (includes abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity).
69
What is the **cranial cavity**?
* Hollow space of the head, contains the brain.
* Bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the vertebral canal which contains the spinal cord.
* 3 layers of protective tissue, the meninges and shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.
70
What is the **thoracic cavity**?
* Formed by the ribs, the muscles in the chest, the sternum and thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
* Thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities and the mediastinum.
71
What is the **pericardial cavity**?
* Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
72
What is the **pleural cavity**?
* Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
73
What is the **mediastinum**?
* Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
* Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels.
* Contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.
74
What is the **abdominopelvic cavity**?
* Extends from diaphragm to groin and is encircled by abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
* Divided into two portions, **abdominal** and **pelvic** cavity.
75
What is the **abdominal cavity**?
* Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
* Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
* The serous membrane is the **peritoneum**.
76
What is the **pelvic cavity**?
* Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
* Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproductive organs.
* Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
77
What is a **membrane**?
* Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
78
What is a **serous membrane**?
* Slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior.
* Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
Consists of 2 parts:
* **Parietal layer**.
* **Visceral layer**.
79
What is the **pleura**?
* Serous membrane of the pleural cavities.
* Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs.
* Parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
80
What is the **pericardium**?
* The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.
* Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart.
* Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall.
81
What is the **peritoneum**?
* The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
* Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera.
* Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
* Surrounds most of the abdominal organs.
82
What is **retroperitoneal**?
* Abdominal organs that are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead they are posterior to it.
* Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are retroperitoneal.
83
What are the 9 **abdominopelvic regions**?
1. **Right hypochondriac**.
2. **Epigastric**.
3. **Left hypochondriac**.
4. **Right lumbar**.
5. **Umbilical**.
6. **Left lumbar**.
7. **Right inguinal**.
8. **Hypogastric**.
9. **Left inguinal**.
84
What are the 4 **abdominopelvic quadrants**?
1. **Right upper quadrant**.
2. **Left upper quadrant**.
3. **Right lower quadrant**.
4. **Left lower quadrant**.
