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BIO 235 Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1: Intro To The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

Science of body structures and the relationships among them.

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2
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

Science of body functions. How the body parts work.

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3
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
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4
Q

What is the chemical level of structural organization in the human body?

A
  • Very basic level.
  • Includes atoms (smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions).
  • Includes molecules (2 or more atoms joined together).
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5
Q

What is the cellular level of structural organization in the human body?

A
  • Molecules combine to form cells.
  • Cells are smallest living units in human body.
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6
Q

What is the tissue level of structural organization in the human body?

A
  • Tissues are group of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

4 basic types of tissues:
* Epithelial
* Connective
* Muscular
* Nervous

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7
Q

What is the organ level of structural organization in the human body?

A
  • Different types of tissue work together.
  • Organs are structures, composed of 2 or more different types of tissues.
  • Have specific functions.
  • Usually have recognizable shapes.
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8
Q

What is the system level of structural organization in the human body?

A

Consists of related organs with a common function (organ system).

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9
Q

What is the organismal level of structural organization in the human body?

A
  • Any living individual.
  • All parts of human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
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10
Q

What are the six important life processes of the human body?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in body.

Consists of 2 phases:
1. Catabolism (breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components).
2. Anabolism (building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components).

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12
Q

What is responsiveness?

A
  • Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
  • Different cells in body respond to changes in characteristic ways.
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13
Q

What is movement?

A

Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells.

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14
Q

What is growth?

A
  • Increase in body size that results from an increase in size of existing cells, an increase in number of cells, or both.
  • Tissue sometimes increases in size because amount of material between cells increases.
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15
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
  • Precursor cells, can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, known as stem cells.
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16
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Refers to either:
1. Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement. 2. Production of a new individual. Formation of new cells occurs through cell division.

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in body’s internal environment.

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18
Q

What is intracellular body fluid?

A

ICF refers to the fluid within cells.

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19
Q

What is extra-cellular body fluid?

A
  • ECF refers to fluid outside body cells.
  • ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid.
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20
Q

What is an important aspect of homeostasis?

A

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids.

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21
Q

How is homeostasis disturbed?

A
  • From external environment (ex: intense heat in summer).
  • From internal environment (blood glucose level falls when skipping a meal).
  • From psychological stresses in our social environment (demands of work/school).
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22
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

Most often, nervous system and endocrine system, working together or independently, provide needed corrective measures.

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23
Q

How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis?

A
  • Sending nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs, can counteract changes from balanced state.
  • Nerve impulses cause rapid changes.
  • Usually works through negative feedback system.
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24
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A
  • Endocrine system includes glands, secrete messenger molecules (hormones) into blood.
  • Hormones work slowly.
  • Usually works through negative feedback system.
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25
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback systems?

A

Negative feedback system and positive feedback system.

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26
Q

What is a feedback system?

A
  • Cycle of events, status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated.
  • Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition (controlled variable).
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27
Q

What is a stimulus in the feedback system?

A

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.

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28
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a feedback system?

A
  1. A receptor.
  2. A control center.
  3. An effector.
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29
Q

What is a receptor in the feedback system?

A
  • Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
  • Is an afferent pathway (information flows toward control center).
  • Typically, input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.
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30
Q

What is a control center in the feedback system?

A
  • The brain. Sets the narrow range/set point within which controlled condition should be maintained.
  • Evaluates input it receives from receptors.
  • Generates output commands when they are needed.
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31
Q

What is output from the control center in the feedback system?

A
  • Provides nerve impulses or chemical signals.
  • Is an efferent pathway (information flows away from control center).
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32
Q

What is an effector in the feedback system?

A
  • A body structure that receives output from the control center.
  • Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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33
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A
  • Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
  • Regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods.
  • Example: High blood pressure.
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34
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A
  • Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
  • Event outside the system must shut if off.
  • Example: Normal childbirth or massive blood loss.
35
Q

How does the negative feedback system regulate blood pressure?

A

Stimulus: Disrupts homeostasis by increasing BP.
Controlled Condition: Blood pressure.
Receptors: Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels.
Input: Nerve impulses.
Control Center: Brain.
Output: Nerve impulses.
Effectors: Heart and blood vessels.
Response: Decrease in HR, dilation of blood vessels cause BP to decrease. Return to homeostasis when response brings BP back to normal.

36
Q

How does the positive feedback system regulate childbirth?

A

Stimulus: Contractions of the wall of uterus force baby’s head/body into cervix.
Controlled Condition: Stretching of the cervix.
Receptors: Stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix.
Input: Nerve impulses.
Control Center: Brain.
Output: Brain interprets input, releases oxytocin.
Effectors: Muscles in wall of uterus. Contract more forcefully.
Response: Baby’s body stretches cervix more.

37
Q

What is the anatomical position of the body?

A
  • Subject stands erect facing the observer, head level and eyes facing directly forward.
  • Lower limbs are parallel, feet are flat on floor, directed forward.
  • Upper limbs are at sides with palm turned forward.
38
Q

What is the prone position?

A

Body is lying facedown.

39
Q

What is the supine position?

A

Body is lying faceup.

40
Q

What are the regional names of the body?

A
  1. Head (Cephalic)
  2. Neck (Cervical)
  3. Trunk (Chest, abdomen and pelvis)
  4. Upper limbs
  5. Lower limbs
41
Q

What does the Cephalic (head) region consist of?

A
  • Cranial (skull).
  • Facial (face).
  • Frontal (forehead).
  • Temporal (temple).
  • Orbital or ocular (eye).
  • Otic (ear).
  • Buccal (cheek).
  • Nasal (nose).
  • Oral (mouth).
  • Mental (chin).
  • Occipital (base of skull).
42
Q

What does the Trunk region consist of?

A

Thoracic (chest):
* Sternal (breastbone).
* Mammary (breast).

Abdominal (abdomen):
* Umbilical (naval).
* Coxal (hip).

Pelvic (pelvis):
* Inguinal (groin).
* Pubic (pubis).
* Perineal (region of anus and external genitals).

43
Q

What does the upper limb region consist of?

A
  • Axillary (armpit).
  • Brachial (arm).
  • Antecubital (front of elbow).
  • Antebrachial (forearm).
  • Carpal (wrist).
  • Palmar or volar (palm).
  • Dorsum (back of hand).
  • Digital or phalangeal (fingers).
  • Scapular (shoulder blade).
  • Olecranal or Cubital (back of elbow).
  • Manual (hand).
  • Pollex (thumb).
44
Q

What does the lower limb region consist of?

A
  • Sacral (between hips).
  • Gluteal (buttock).
  • Popliteal (hollow behind knee).
  • Sural (calf).
  • Plantar (sole).
  • Calcaneal (heel).
  • Femoral (thigh).
  • Patellar (anterior surface of knee).
  • Crural (leg).
  • Pedal (foot).
  • Tarsal (ankle).
  • Digital or Phalangeal (toes).
  • Dorsum (top of foot).
  • Hallux (great toe).
45
Q

What does Superior directional term refer to?

A
  • Toward the head, or upper part of a structure.
  • Example: The heart is superior to the liver.
46
Q

What does Inferior directional term refer to?

A
  • Away from the head, or lower part of a structure.
  • Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
47
Q

What does Anterior directional term refer to?

A
  • Nearer to or at the front of the body.
  • Example: The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart.
48
Q

What does Posterior directional term refer to?

A
  • Nearer to or at the back of the body.
  • Example: The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).
49
Q

What does Medial directional term refer to?

A
  • Nearer to the midline (imaginary vertical line that divides body into equal right and left sides).
  • Example: The ulna is medial to the radius.
50
Q

What does Lateral directional term refer to?

A
  • Farther from the midline.
  • Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.
51
Q

What does Intermediate directional term refer to?

A
  • Between two structures.
  • Example: The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.
52
Q

What does Ipsilateral directional term refer to?

A
  • On the same side of the body as another structure.
  • Example: The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.
53
Q

What does Contralateral directional term refer to?

A
  • On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
  • Example: The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.
54
Q

What does Proximal directional term refer to?

A
  • Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
  • Example: The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.
55
Q

What does Distal directional term refer to?

A
  • Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
  • Example: The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).
56
Q

What does Superficial (External) directional term refer to?

A
  • Toward or on the surface of the body.
  • Example: The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
57
Q

What does Deep (Internal) directional term refer to?

A
  • Away from the surface of the body.
  • Example: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
58
Q

What are the planes through the human body?

A
  • Frontal.
  • Transverse.
  • Sagittal.
  • Oblique planes.
59
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A
  • Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
60
Q

What is a midsagittal plane?

A
  • When the plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
61
Q

What is the midline?

A
  • Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.
62
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A
  • When the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, instead divides body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.
63
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A
  • Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
64
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A
  • Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
  • Can also be referred to as a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.
65
Q

What is an oblique plane?

A
  • Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle).
66
Q

What is a section view?

A
  • Is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
67
Q

What is a body cavity?

A
  • Spaces that enclose internal organs.
  • Bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another.
68
Q

What are the different body cavities?

A
  1. Cranial Cavity (includes vertebral canal).
  2. Thoracic Cavity (includes pleural cavity, pericardial cavity and mediastinum).
  3. Abdominopelvic Cavity (includes abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity).
69
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A
  • Hollow space of the head, contains the brain.
  • Bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the vertebral canal which contains the spinal cord.
  • 3 layers of protective tissue, the meninges and shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.
70
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A
  • Formed by the ribs, the muscles in the chest, the sternum and thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
  • Thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities and the mediastinum.
71
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A
  • Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
72
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A
  • Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
73
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
  • Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels.
  • Contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.
74
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  • Extends from diaphragm to groin and is encircled by abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
  • Divided into two portions, abdominal and pelvic cavity.
75
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A
  • Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
  • Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
  • The serous membrane is the peritoneum.
76
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A
  • Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
  • Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproductive organs.
  • Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
77
Q

What is a membrane?

A
  • Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
78
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A
  • Slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior.
  • Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.

Consists of 2 parts:
* Parietal layer.
* Visceral layer.

79
Q

What is the pleura?

A
  • Serous membrane of the pleural cavities.
  • Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs.
  • Parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
80
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.
  • Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart.
  • Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall.
81
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
  • Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera.
  • Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
  • Surrounds most of the abdominal organs.
82
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A
  • Abdominal organs that are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead they are posterior to it.
  • Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are retroperitoneal.
83
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A
  1. Right hypochondriac.
  2. Epigastric.
  3. Left hypochondriac.
  4. Right lumbar.
  5. Umbilical.
  6. Left lumbar.
  7. Right inguinal.
  8. Hypogastric.
  9. Left inguinal.
84
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

A
  1. Right upper quadrant.
  2. Left upper quadrant.
  3. Right lower quadrant.
  4. Left lower quadrant.

BIO 235 Anatomy & Physiology (29 decks)

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