Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Bio > Chapter 1 - Intro to Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of cells?

A

Robert Hooke (observed cork with microscope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who constructed microscopes and examined bacteria first?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who came up with cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cell theory? (3)

A

1) All organisms are compose of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Info about first culture of human cells?

A

Begun by George & Martha Gey

Obtained from malignant tumor named HeLa cells (grown in vitro)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In Vitro

A

grown in culture, outside the body (labs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA duplication error rate

A

occurs < 1 mistake every 10 million nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genes (3)

A

1) blueprints for constructing cell struct.
2) directions for running cell activities
3) program for duplicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Turnover

A

when cells expend E breaking down and rebuilding macromol. and organelle of which they’re made
maintains integrity of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All chemical changes in cells require:

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical reaction in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cells are robust…what does it mean?

A

Cells are hearty or durable bc protected from dangerous fluctuations in composition & behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are common ancestor similaritie of cells?

A

a common genetic code
plasma membrane
ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

All living organisms evolved from a:

A

single, common ancestral cell that lived over 3 billion years ago (LUCA: last universal common ancestor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the fundamental properties shared by all cells? (9)

A

1) Highly complex & organized
2) Has & uses a genetic program
3) Capable of producing more of themselves
4) Acquire and Utilize E
5) Carry out chem reactions
6) Engage in mechanical activities
7) Respond to stimuli
8) Capable of Self-Regulation
9) Evolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells

A

Prokaryotes - bacteria

Eukaryotes - protists, fungi, plants, animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Commonalities btwn prok & euk?

A

1) plasma membrane (similar)
2) genetic info encoded in DNA (identical code)
3) similar mechanisms for transcription & translation of genetic info, incl. similar ribosomes
4) Shared metabolic pathways (glycolosis & TCA cycle)
5) Similar apparatus for conservation of chem. E as ATP (plasma memb in prok & mitochondrial memb in euk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the genetic material located in a prok & euk?

A

Prok: nucleiod
Euk: nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleiod

A

a poorly demarcated region of cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from cytoplasm (in prok)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nucleus

A

a region bounded by a complex membranous structure called the nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which contain DNA containing chromosomes? Describe them for each prok & euk:

A

Both prok and euk
Prok: single, circular chromosome
Euk: separate chromosomes each w/ linear molecule of DNA & they form chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chromatin

A

proteins that form a complex nucleoprotein material (chromosomal DNA of euk are tightly associated with these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe cytoplasm of prok & euk:

A

Euk: filled w/ diverse structures (complex) of membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, ER, Golgi complexes. Plant cells: chloroplasts
Prok: usually no membranous struct except in cyanobact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytosol

A

soluble phase of cytoplasm (euk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Conjugation
A piece of DNA is passed from 1 cell to another
26
Which is more adept to picking up & incorporating foreign DNA from their env.?
prok
27
Who is more efficient at exchanging DNA with own species?
euk
28
Plasma Membrane
Surface of all cells is bounded by it | specialized lipid bilayer
29
Plasma Membrane Functions?
1) Barrier inside cell to its immediate env 2) regulates which substances pass in & out of cell (semi-permeable) 3) mediates signals to and from its env
30
Can prokaryotes form multicellular organisms?
Although they live as single cells, yes, they can live in biofilms
31
Biofilms
complex, multispecies communities ex: plaque on teeth
32
What is the main difference btwn prok & euk?
Prok (bact) have simple internal organization | Euk are more complex and internal memb bound compartments
33
Name the kingdoms of Euk:
1) Protozoa 2) Chromista 3) Fungi 4) Plantae 5) Animalia
34
Name the kingdoms of Prok:
1) Bacteria: first to evolve, includes photosynthetic cyanobact, lab strain = E. Coli 2) Archae (extremophiles): Methanogens, Halophiles, Acidophiles, Thermophiles
35
What are the sizes of prok & euk?
Prok: <5 µm in diameter Euk: 5 µm - 50 µm
36
Why is cellular volume limited by surface area in cells?
1) As cell size inc, volume inc faster than surface area so: A cell’s ability to exchange substances (i.e. nutrients, oxygen, removal of waste) with the environment is dependent upon having a sufficient surface area 2) A cell’s ability to exchange substances (i.e. nutrients, oxygen, removal of waste) with the environment is dependent upon having a sufficient surface area
37
Which is more closely related to euk? Archaea or Bacteria
Archaea
38
Methanogens
Archaea proks that convert CO2 and H2 to methane
39
Halophiles
Archaea proks that live in extreme salty env (dead sea, salinity of 5M MgCl2)
40
Acidophiles
acid-loving proks that thrive at a low pH (0) (drainage fluid, abandoned mine shafts)
41
Thermophiles
Archaea proks that live at high temps
42
Mycoplasma
smallest known cells 0.2 µm diameter lack cell wall and genome= < 500 genes
43
Most complex prokaryotes?
Cyanobacteria
44
Cyanobacteria
- contain elaborate cytoplasmic membrane for photosynthesis (sim to memb of chloroplasts) - nitrogen fixation - first to colonize bare rocks and lifeless places - those capable of photosynth and nitro. fixation can survive on barest resources: light, N2, CO2, H2O
45
Nitrogen Fixation
-conversion of nitrogen (N2) gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (like NH3) that can be used b cells in the synthesis of nitrogen cont. org. compounds like amino acids and nucleotides
46
What %age of prok that exist have been identified?
< .01% and currently there have been 6,000 identified
47
Where are > 90% of prok organisms now thought to live?
-the subsurface sediments well beneath the oceans and upper soil layers
48
Differentiation
the process that forms specialized functional and structurally distinct cells during dev. of euk organism
49
Model Organisms
small # of representative orgs. of the whole group
50
Which have been the current most used model orgs? (6)
-Prok: E. Coli - bacterium -Euk: Saccharomyces cerevisae - budding yeast Arabidopsis thaliana - flowering plant Caenorhabditis elegans - nematode Drosophila melanogaster - fruit fly Mus musculus - mouse
51
Which 2 units of linear measure are most used to describe struc within cells & cells?
micrometer µm = 10^-6 m nanometer nm = 10^-9m (Angstrom) Å = 1/10 of nm used for atomic dimensions (1 Å = 1 H atom)
52
What is DNA's width? Nuclei's diameter? Mitochondria's diameter?
``` DNA = 2nm width Nuclei = 5-10 µm Mitochondria = 2µm ```
53
# Fill in the Blank: 1) The ___ a cell's cytoplasmic V, the ____ it will take to synthesize the # of messages required by cell 2) As cell size ___, the SA/V ratio ___. (So the ability of cell to exchange substances w/ its env is proportional to its surface area.) 3) As cell becomes ___ & distance from the surface to interior becomes ___, the time required for diffusion to move substances in & out of a metabolic active cell becomes ____.
1) greater, longer 2) increases, decreases (inverse rel.) - (microvilli inc SA) 3) larger, greater, longer
54
Diffusion
random movement of molecules (in & out of cell)
55
Cells have ways of increasing their ____ SA.
external
56
Synthetic Biology
field of bio research that creates some minimal type of living cell in the lab, essentially from "scratch" -they are not close to accomplishing this
57
What did Venter do? (synth bio)
- replaced genome of 1 bact with genome isolated from another closely related bact, effectively transforming 1 species into the other. - another case they modified genome of M. mycoides and transplanted into cell of M. capricolum, replacing host's original genome
58
The euk. cytoplasm is ___. (crowded, or spacious)
crowded
59
SA to V ratio is ____ of larger cells comp. to smaller cells.
larger
60
What are the smallest living orgs?
prokaryotes
61
How many genes are in the: 1) human genome 2) M. genitalium (smallest prok) 3) Which genome is larger? human or plant
1) 20,000 genes 2) 485 genes 3) plant
62
The ____ of eukaryotes are highly organized | So they have ____ internal SAs
cytoplasm | large
63
Which membrane bound compartments do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?
1) plasma membrane 2) cytoplasm 3) ribosome 4) cytoskeleton (diff composition in each though)
64
How did eukaryotic cells evolve to have internal compartments?
phagocytosis - process of "cell eating" or internalizing large particulates
65
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell that became the mitochondria
66
What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? Has endosymbiosis been observed to occur in lab?
- have their own genetic material (DNA) - have multiple membranes that are not continuous with the endomembrane system - synthesize their own proteins yes
67
What is the main difference from a euk and prok cell? (2)
compartmentalization | complexity/specialization
68
What features are in euk cells not found in prok cells? (12)
1) div. of cells into nucleus & cytoplasm sep by nuclear envelope 2) complex chrom comp of DNA 3) complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles 4) specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic resp (mitochondria) & photosynth (chloroplasts) 5) complex cytoskeleton 6) complex flagella & cilia 7) ability to ingest particles via phagocytosis 8) cellulose containing cell walls in plants 9) cell div using microtubule-containing mitotic spindle that separates chroms 10) 2 copies of genes per cell (diploidy) 1 from each parent 11) 3 diff RNA synth enzymes (RNA polymerases) 12) sex. reproduction meiosis and fertilization
69
Describe cytoskeleton of euk cell: (5)
1) maintains and helps change in cell shape 2) Organizes organelles & other cell struct within the cytoplasm 3) Organize transport of intracellular components within and outside of cell 4) Regulates segregation of chromosomes during cell division 5) Organization facilitates cell specialization
70
Virion
- virus outside of a living cell
71
Capsid
protein capsule covering genetic material of virion
72
Virus
- disc by Dmitri Ivanovsky (sap tobacco plant) - pathogen smaller & simpler than bact. Pathogens smaller and simpler than the smallest bacteria - contain genetic material & protein capsule - are facultative parasites - nonliving bc requires host to grow & reproduce -most have narrow host range (flu, cold virus) -diseases like AIDs, flu, polio, cold sores, measles etc
73
Common polyhedral shape of virus?
20-sided isohedron
74
What are the most complex viruses? They are also most abundant bio entities on earth.
bacteriophages (bact viruses
75
Prions
– proteinaceous infectious particles containing no nucleic acids - i.e. “scrapie,” “Mad cow disease” - Mechanism: abnormally folded version of a cellular protein causes cellular proteins to misfold
76
2 types of viral infections are:
1) virus arrests the normal synth activities of host & redirects cell to use available materials to manufacture viral nucleic acids and proteins = new virions - don't grow like cells, they're assembled 2) does not kill host but inserts/integrates its DNA into DNA of host cells chrom = provirus
77
Provirus
the integrated viral DNA in host
78
Viroid
– small, circular RNA molecules (smallest known infectious agents) lacks protein coat - 1/10 size of smallest virus - cause disease by interfering w/ cell's normal path of gene expression - 300-400 nt long, do not encode proteins i.e. plant diseases – “cadang-cadang disease” of coconut palm - Mechanism: RNA-mediated gene silencing? (prevents normal function of mRNAs in cells)
79
What are the 5 requirements for life?
1) cellular organization 2) metabolism 3) homeostasis 4) reproduction 5) heredity
80
What are additional requirements for long term survival of cells? (2)
Ability to: sense & respond to stimuli repair themselves
81
The scientific method
1) Make observations 2) Formulate testable hypothesis 3) Design controlled experiment 4) Collect Data 5) Interpret Results 6) Accept/Reject Hypothesis
82
Reductionist scientific approach
knowledge of the parts of the whole can describe the character of the whole.
83
Hypothesis to Theory?
As a hypothesis becomes more substantiated by more data, it is referred to as a theory.
84
What is a Law?
a statement of repeated observations that is always true under a certain set of circumstances
85
Metabolism
The vast array of physical and chemical interactions involved in the material acquisition
86
Homeostasis
The constancy of physiological state | - disruptions lead to pathological state
87
Reproduction
produce another generation of similar living organisms
88
Heredity
Genes are passed from one generation to the next during reproduction

Cell Bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions