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Cell Bio > Chapter 1 - Intro to Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of cells?

A

Robert Hooke (observed cork with microscope)

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2
Q

Who constructed microscopes and examined bacteria first?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who came up with cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann

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4
Q

What is cell theory? (3)

A

1) All organisms are compose of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell

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5
Q

Info about first culture of human cells?

A

Begun by George & Martha Gey

Obtained from malignant tumor named HeLa cells (grown in vitro)

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6
Q

In Vitro

A

grown in culture, outside the body (labs)

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7
Q

DNA duplication error rate

A

occurs < 1 mistake every 10 million nucleotides

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8
Q

Genes (3)

A

1) blueprints for constructing cell struct.
2) directions for running cell activities
3) program for duplicating

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9
Q

Turnover

A

when cells expend E breaking down and rebuilding macromol. and organelle of which they’re made
maintains integrity of cell

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10
Q

All chemical changes in cells require:

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical reaction in a cell

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12
Q

Cells are robust…what does it mean?

A

Cells are hearty or durable bc protected from dangerous fluctuations in composition & behavior

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13
Q

What are common ancestor similaritie of cells?

A

a common genetic code
plasma membrane
ribosomes

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14
Q

All living organisms evolved from a:

A

single, common ancestral cell that lived over 3 billion years ago (LUCA: last universal common ancestor)

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15
Q

What are the fundamental properties shared by all cells? (9)

A

1) Highly complex & organized
2) Has & uses a genetic program
3) Capable of producing more of themselves
4) Acquire and Utilize E
5) Carry out chem reactions
6) Engage in mechanical activities
7) Respond to stimuli
8) Capable of Self-Regulation
9) Evolve

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16
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells

A

Prokaryotes - bacteria

Eukaryotes - protists, fungi, plants, animals

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17
Q

Commonalities btwn prok & euk?

A

1) plasma membrane (similar)
2) genetic info encoded in DNA (identical code)
3) similar mechanisms for transcription & translation of genetic info, incl. similar ribosomes
4) Shared metabolic pathways (glycolosis & TCA cycle)
5) Similar apparatus for conservation of chem. E as ATP (plasma memb in prok & mitochondrial memb in euk)

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18
Q

Where is the genetic material located in a prok & euk?

A

Prok: nucleiod
Euk: nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleiod

A

a poorly demarcated region of cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from cytoplasm (in prok)

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

a region bounded by a complex membranous structure called the nuclear envelope

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21
Q

Which contain DNA containing chromosomes? Describe them for each prok & euk:

A

Both prok and euk
Prok: single, circular chromosome
Euk: separate chromosomes each w/ linear molecule of DNA & they form chromatin

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

proteins that form a complex nucleoprotein material (chromosomal DNA of euk are tightly associated with these)

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23
Q

Describe cytoplasm of prok & euk:

A

Euk: filled w/ diverse structures (complex) of membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, ER, Golgi complexes. Plant cells: chloroplasts
Prok: usually no membranous struct except in cyanobact.

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

soluble phase of cytoplasm (euk)

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25
Q

Conjugation

A

A piece of DNA is passed from 1 cell to another

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26
Q

Which is more adept to picking up & incorporating foreign DNA from their env.?

A

prok

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27
Q

Who is more efficient at exchanging DNA with own species?

A

euk

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28
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surface of all cells is bounded by it

specialized lipid bilayer

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29
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions?

A

1) Barrier inside cell to its immediate env
2) regulates which substances pass in & out of cell (semi-permeable)
3) mediates signals to and from its env

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30
Q

Can prokaryotes form multicellular organisms?

A

Although they live as single cells, yes, they can live in biofilms

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31
Q

Biofilms

A

complex, multispecies communities ex: plaque on teeth

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32
Q

What is the main difference btwn prok & euk?

A

Prok (bact) have simple internal organization

Euk are more complex and internal memb bound compartments

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33
Q

Name the kingdoms of Euk:

A

1) Protozoa
2) Chromista
3) Fungi
4) Plantae
5) Animalia

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34
Q

Name the kingdoms of Prok:

A

1) Bacteria:
first to evolve, includes photosynthetic cyanobact, lab strain = E. Coli
2) Archae (extremophiles):
Methanogens, Halophiles, Acidophiles, Thermophiles

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35
Q

What are the sizes of prok & euk?

A

Prok: <5 µm in diameter
Euk: 5 µm - 50 µm

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36
Q

Why is cellular volume limited by surface area in cells?

A

1) As cell size inc, volume inc faster than surface area so:
A cell’s ability to exchange substances (i.e. nutrients, oxygen, removal of waste) with the environment is dependent upon having a sufficient surface area
2) A cell’s ability to exchange substances (i.e. nutrients, oxygen, removal of waste) with the environment is dependent upon having a sufficient surface area

37
Q

Which is more closely related to euk? Archaea or Bacteria

A

Archaea

38
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea proks that convert CO2 and H2 to methane

39
Q

Halophiles

A

Archaea proks that live in extreme salty env (dead sea, salinity of 5M MgCl2)

40
Q

Acidophiles

A

acid-loving proks that thrive at a low pH (0) (drainage fluid, abandoned mine shafts)

41
Q

Thermophiles

A

Archaea proks that live at high temps

42
Q

Mycoplasma

A

smallest known cells
0.2 µm diameter
lack cell wall and genome= < 500 genes

43
Q

Most complex prokaryotes?

A

Cyanobacteria

44
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • contain elaborate cytoplasmic membrane for photosynthesis (sim to memb of chloroplasts)
  • nitrogen fixation
  • first to colonize bare rocks and lifeless places
  • those capable of photosynth and nitro. fixation can survive on barest resources: light, N2, CO2, H2O
45
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

-conversion of nitrogen (N2) gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (like NH3) that can be used b cells in the synthesis of nitrogen cont. org. compounds like amino acids and nucleotides

46
Q

What %age of prok that exist have been identified?

A

< .01% and currently there have been 6,000 identified

47
Q

Where are > 90% of prok organisms now thought to live?

A

-the subsurface sediments well beneath the oceans and upper soil layers

48
Q

Differentiation

A

the process that forms specialized functional and structurally distinct cells during dev. of euk organism

49
Q

Model Organisms

A

small # of representative orgs. of the whole group

50
Q

Which have been the current most used model orgs? (6)

A

-Prok: E. Coli - bacterium
-Euk: Saccharomyces cerevisae - budding yeast
Arabidopsis thaliana - flowering plant
Caenorhabditis elegans - nematode
Drosophila melanogaster - fruit fly
Mus musculus - mouse

51
Q

Which 2 units of linear measure are most used to describe struc within cells & cells?

A

micrometer µm = 10^-6 m
nanometer nm = 10^-9m
(Angstrom) Å = 1/10 of nm used for atomic dimensions
(1 Å = 1 H atom)

52
Q

What is DNA’s width?
Nuclei’s diameter?
Mitochondria’s diameter?

A 
DNA = 2nm width
Nuclei = 5-10 µm
Mitochondria = 2µm
53
Q

Fill in the Blank:

1) The ___ a cell’s cytoplasmic V, the ____ it will take to synthesize the # of messages required by cell
2) As cell size ___, the SA/V ratio ___. (So the ability of cell to exchange substances w/ its env is proportional to its surface area.)
3) As cell becomes ___ & distance from the surface to interior becomes ___, the time required for diffusion to move substances in & out of a metabolic active cell becomes ____.

A

1) greater, longer
2) increases, decreases (inverse rel.) - (microvilli inc SA)
3) larger, greater, longer

54
Q

Diffusion

A

random movement of molecules (in & out of cell)

55
Q

Cells have ways of increasing their ____ SA.

A

external

56
Q

Synthetic Biology

A

field of bio research that creates some minimal type of living cell in the lab, essentially from “scratch”
-they are not close to accomplishing this

57
Q

What did Venter do? (synth bio)

A
  • replaced genome of 1 bact with genome isolated from another closely related bact, effectively transforming 1 species into the other.
  • another case they modified genome of M. mycoides and transplanted into cell of M. capricolum, replacing host’s original genome
58
Q

The euk. cytoplasm is ___. (crowded, or spacious)

A

crowded

59
Q

SA to V ratio is ____ of larger cells comp. to smaller cells.

A

larger

60
Q

What are the smallest living orgs?

A

prokaryotes

61
Q

How many genes are in the:

1) human genome
2) M. genitalium (smallest prok)
3) Which genome is larger? human or plant

A

1) 20,000 genes
2) 485 genes
3) plant

62
Q

The ____ of eukaryotes are highly organized

So they have ____ internal SAs

A

cytoplasm

large

63
Q

Which membrane bound compartments do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

1) plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) ribosome
4) cytoskeleton (diff composition in each though)

64
Q

How did eukaryotic cells evolve to have internal compartments?

A

phagocytosis - process of “cell eating” or internalizing large particulates

65
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell that became the mitochondria

66
Q

What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Has endosymbiosis been observed to occur in lab?

A
  • have their own genetic material (DNA)
  • have multiple membranes that are not continuous with the endomembrane system
  • synthesize their own proteins

yes

67
Q

What is the main difference from a euk and prok cell? (2)

A

compartmentalization

complexity/specialization

68
Q

What features are in euk cells not found in prok cells? (12)

A

1) div. of cells into nucleus & cytoplasm sep by nuclear envelope
2) complex chrom comp of DNA
3) complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles
4) specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic resp (mitochondria) & photosynth (chloroplasts)
5) complex cytoskeleton
6) complex flagella & cilia
7) ability to ingest particles via phagocytosis
8) cellulose containing cell walls in plants
9) cell div using microtubule-containing mitotic spindle that separates chroms
10) 2 copies of genes per cell (diploidy) 1 from each parent
11) 3 diff RNA synth enzymes (RNA polymerases)
12) sex. reproduction meiosis and fertilization

69
Q

Describe cytoskeleton of euk cell: (5)

A

1) maintains and helps change in cell shape
2) Organizes organelles & other cell struct within the cytoplasm
3) Organize transport of intracellular components within and outside of cell
4) Regulates segregation of chromosomes during cell division
5) Organization facilitates cell specialization

70
Q

Virion

A
  • virus outside of a living cell
71
Q

Capsid

A

protein capsule covering genetic material of virion

72
Q

Virus

A
  • disc by Dmitri Ivanovsky (sap tobacco plant)
  • pathogen smaller & simpler than bact.
    Pathogens smaller and simpler than the smallest bacteria
  • contain genetic material & protein capsule
  • are facultative parasites
  • nonliving bc requires host to grow & reproduce
    -most have narrow host range (flu, cold virus)
    -diseases like AIDs, flu, polio, cold sores, measles etc
73
Q

Common polyhedral shape of virus?

A

20-sided isohedron

74
Q

What are the most complex viruses? They are also most abundant bio entities on earth.

A

bacteriophages (bact viruses

75
Q

Prions

A

– proteinaceous infectious particles containing no nucleic acids

  • i.e. “scrapie,” “Mad cow disease”
  • Mechanism: abnormally folded version of a cellular protein causes cellular proteins to misfold
76
Q

2 types of viral infections are:

A

1) virus arrests the normal synth activities of host & redirects cell to use available materials to manufacture viral nucleic acids and proteins = new virions
- don’t grow like cells, they’re assembled
2) does not kill host but inserts/integrates its DNA into DNA of host cells chrom = provirus

77
Q

Provirus

A

the integrated viral DNA in host

78
Q

Viroid

A

– small, circular RNA molecules (smallest known infectious agents) lacks protein coat

  • 1/10 size of smallest virus
  • cause disease by interfering w/ cell’s normal path of gene expression
  • 300-400 nt long, do not encode proteins i.e. plant diseases – “cadang-cadang disease” of coconut palm
  • Mechanism: RNA-mediated gene silencing? (prevents normal function of mRNAs in cells)
79
Q

What are the 5 requirements for life?

A

1) cellular organization
2) metabolism
3) homeostasis
4) reproduction
5) heredity

80
Q

What are additional requirements for long term survival of cells? (2)

A

Ability to:
sense & respond to stimuli
repair themselves

81
Q

The scientific method

A

1) Make observations
2) Formulate testable hypothesis
3) Design controlled experiment
4) Collect Data
5) Interpret Results
6) Accept/Reject Hypothesis

82
Q

Reductionist scientific approach

A

knowledge of the parts of the whole can describe the character of the whole.

83
Q

Hypothesis to Theory?

A

As a hypothesis becomes more substantiated by more data, it is referred to as a theory.

84
Q

What is a Law?

A

a statement of repeated observations that is always true under a certain set of circumstances

85
Q

Metabolism

A

The vast array of physical and chemical interactions involved in the material acquisition

86
Q

Homeostasis

A

The constancy of physiological state

- disruptions lead to pathological state

87
Q

Reproduction

A

produce another generation of similar living organisms

88
Q

Heredity

A

Genes are passed from one generation to the next during reproduction

Cell Bio (4 decks)

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