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Biology > Chapter 1- Intro To Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Intro To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

Study of function

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3
Q

What did Louis Sullivan believe?

A

Form follows function

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

Expanded comparative anatomy

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5
Q

Hippocrates

A

Coined anatomical terms

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6
Q

Rufus of Efesos

A

Wrote a book called On the naming of the parts of the body

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7
Q

1989

A

FICAT

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8
Q

What is FICAT

A

International anatomical terminology

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9
Q

What is the purpose of FICAT?

A

Government body that determines what anatomical terms are to be used when describing the body

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10
Q

The Hippocratic oath is an excerpt from what

A

Hippocratic Corpus

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11
Q

Who is considered the “father” of western medicine?

A

Hippocratic

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12
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath?

A

To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents( when he is in need of money to share mine with him

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13
Q

What are the 4 main topics of anatomy

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Surface anatomy
  3. Microscopic anatomy
  4. Developmental anatomy
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14
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of structures visible to the eye

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15
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Study of structure in a specific region (thoracic; chest)

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16
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Study of structure of a system

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17
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of surface structure

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18
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of structures too small to see with the naked eye. (Needs a microscope)

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19
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells (individual)

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20
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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21
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Study of change in anatomy throughout the lifespan

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22
Q

Embryology

A

Study of developmental prior to birth

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23
Q

Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology

A

Form = function

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24
Q

What are the topics of physiology and how are topics in physiology discussed?

A

Focus on a specific organ or system.

Renal, cardiovascular, and neurophysiology

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25
Q

What are the 4 main underlying themes in physiology?

A
  1. Structure and function are closely related.
  2. Living organisms need energy
  3. Information flow coordinates body functions
  4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
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26
Q

What are the main properties of life?

A

Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

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27
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization?

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

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28
Q

What is the smallest organization level

A

Chemical level

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29
Q

What is the largest organization level

A

Organism

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30
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines internal surfaces and chambers of the body, produces glandular secretions

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31
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy (matrix)

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32
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Contract to produce active movement

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33
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Conducts electrical impulses and carries information from neuron to neuron

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34
Q

Integumentary system

A

Hair, skin, nails

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35
Q

Skeletal system

A

Joint, bones

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36
Q

muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles

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37
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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38
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, thymus, thyroid gland

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39
Q

Cardiovascular/Circulatory system

A

Blood vessels, blood and heart

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40
Q

Lymphatic system/immunity

A

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

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41
Q

Respiratory system

A

lungs, airways

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42
Q

Digestive system

A

stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

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43
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidney, bladder

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44
Q

male reproductive system

A

prostate, ductus deferens, scrotum, penis, testis

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45
Q

female reproductive system

A

mammary glands (breasts), uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube

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46
Q

how do the systems of the body work together? what function does this provide?

A

fully integrated in order to work together to maintain homeostasis

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47
Q

circulatory system functions

A

transport of materials between all cells of the body

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48
Q

digestive system functions

A

conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; eliminates waste

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49
Q

endocrine system functions

A

coordination of the body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

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50
Q

immune system functions

A

defense against foreign invaders

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51
Q

integumentary system functions

A

protection from external environment

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52
Q

musculoskeletal system functions

A

support and movement

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53
Q

nervous system functions

A

coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

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54
Q

reproductive system functions

A

perpetuation of the species

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55
Q

respiratory system functions

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

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56
Q

urinary system functions

A

maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal

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57
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, arms at side, palms facing forward

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58
Q

superior

A

towards the head

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59
Q

inferior

A

towards the feet

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60
Q

anterior

A

towards the belly (bipedal)

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61
Q

posterior

A

towards the spine

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62
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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63
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

64
Q

proximal

A

close to

65
Q

distal

A

far from

66
Q

superficial

A

towards surface

67
Q

deep

A

away from surface

68
Q

sagittal

A

left and right parts

69
Q

transverse

A

superior and inferior parts

70
Q

frontal (coronal)

A

anterior and posterior parts

71
Q

oblique

A

not at 90 degrees to body

72
Q

mid

A

along the midline

73
Q

para

A

away from the midline

74
Q

serial

A

consecutive cuts along the plane

75
Q

what is homeostasis

A

ability of the body to maintain a stable internal condition in respect to the changing external environment. Homeostasis does not mean equilibrium

76
Q

what are the 4 components of homeostatic control

A

variable, receptor, control center, effector

77
Q

receptor

A

takes in sensory information

78
Q

control center

A

determines the set point and regulates the body’s response

79
Q

effector

A

carries out the body’s response

80
Q

variable

A

a factor in the body that can be modified by the effector

81
Q

what is the negative feedback loop?

A

output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

82
Q

what is the positive feedback loop?

A

response enhances the original stimulus

83
Q

cephalic

A

head

84
Q

frontal

A

forehead

85
Q

orbital/ ocular

A

eye

86
Q

nasal

A

nose

87
Q

oral

A

mouth

88
Q

mental

A

chin

89
Q

cervical

A

neck

90
Q

thoracic/ thorax

A

chest

91
Q

sternal

A

sternum

92
Q

axillary

A

armpit

93
Q

mammary

A

breasts

94
Q

abdominal

A

abdomen

95
Q

umbilical

A

navel

96
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

97
Q

inguinal

A

groin

98
Q

pubic

A

pubis

99
Q

acromial

A

shoulder

100
Q

brachial

A

arm

101
Q

antecubical

A

front of elbow

102
Q

olecranal

A

back of elbow

103
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

104
Q

carpal

A

wrist

105
Q

manus

A

hand

106
Q

palmar

A

palm

107
Q

pollex

A

thumb

108
Q

digital/phalanges

A

fingers

109
Q

coxal

A

hipbone/ pelvic bone

110
Q

femoral

A

thigh

111
Q

patellar

A

kneecap

112
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

113
Q

crural

A

leg

114
Q

sural

A

calf

115
Q

fibular

A

calf bone on lateral side

116
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

117
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of foot

118
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

119
Q

hallux

A

great toe (big toe)

120
Q

otic

A

ear

121
Q

occipital

A

lower back area of head

122
Q

scapular

A

shoulder bone

123
Q

vertebral

A

spinal

124
Q

lumbar

A

loin (lower back)

125
Q

sacral

A

base of vertebral column

126
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

127
Q

perineal

A

located on male/female between legs and below the pelvic diaphragm

128
Q

what are the 3 main body cavities

A
  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. abdominopelvic
129
Q

what major organs are found in the 3 main body cavities?

A
  1. dorsal = brain, spinal cord
  2. ventral = heart, lungs, digestive, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
  3. abdominopelvic = digestive organs, urinary, reproductive organs
130
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

divided into cranial and spinal cavity

131
Q

cranial body cavity

A

contains brain

132
Q

spinal body cavity

A

contains spinal cord

133
Q

ventral body cavity

A

divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic

134
Q

thoracic body cavity

A

divided into pericardial and pleural (R+L)

135
Q

pericardial body cavity

A

contains heart

136
Q

pleural body cavity

A

contains lungs

137
Q

abdominopelvic body cavity

A

divided into abdomen and pelvic

138
Q

abdominal body cavity

A

contains digestive organs

139
Q

pelvic body cavity

A

contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

140
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

thin double layered membrane that covers at the organs and lines the walls of the body

141
Q

what are the 2 layers of a serous membrane

A

parietal and visceral

142
Q

what separates the 2 layers of a serous membrane

A

layer of epithelial tissue

143
Q

parietal

A

outer layer

144
Q

visceral

A

inner layer

145
Q

what are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

146
Q

what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A
  1. right hypochondriac region
  2. epigastric region
  3. left hypochondriac region
  4. right lumbar region
  5. umbilical region
  6. left lumbar region
  7. right iliac (inguinal) region
  8. hypogastric (pubic) region
  9. left iliac (inguinal) region
147
Q

what organs are found in the right hypochondriac region

A

liver, gallbladder

148
Q

what organs are found in the epigastric region

A

stomach

149
Q

what organs are found in the left hypochondriac region

A

diaphragm, spleen

150
Q

what organs are found in the right lumbar region

A

ascending colon of large intestine

151
Q

what organs are found in the umbilical region

A

small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine

152
Q

what organs are found in the left lumbar region

A

descending colon of large intestine

153
Q

what organs are found in the right iliac region

A

cecum, appendix

154
Q

what organs are found in the hypogastric region

A

urinary bladder

155
Q

what organs are found in the left iliac region

A

sigmoid colon

156
Q

how does the use of 4 and 9 region system of the abdomen help with determining causes of abdominal pain?

A

can make it easier to pinpoint the location of the abdominal pain

Biology (3 decks)

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