Chapter 1- Intro To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy
A
Study of structure
2
Q
What is physiology
A
Study of function
3
Q
What did Louis Sullivan believe?
A
Form follows function
4
Q
Aristotle
A
Expanded comparative anatomy
5
Q
Hippocrates
A
Coined anatomical terms
6
Q
Rufus of Efesos
A
Wrote a book called On the naming of the parts of the body
7
Q
1989
A
FICAT
8
Q
What is FICAT
A
International anatomical terminology
9
Q
What is the purpose of FICAT?
A
Government body that determines what anatomical terms are to be used when describing the body
10
Q
The Hippocratic oath is an excerpt from what
A
Hippocratic Corpus
11
Q
Who is considered the “father” of western medicine?
A
Hippocratic
12
Q
What is the Hippocratic oath?
A
To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents( when he is in need of money to share mine with him
13
Q
What are the 4 main topics of anatomy
A
- Gross anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
14
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Study of structures visible to the eye
15
Q
Regional anatomy
A
Study of structure in a specific region (thoracic; chest)
16
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
Study of structure of a system
17
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Study of surface structure
18
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
Study of structures too small to see with the naked eye. (Needs a microscope)
19
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells (individual)
20
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissues
21
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
Study of change in anatomy throughout the lifespan
22
Q
Embryology
A
Study of developmental prior to birth
23
Q
Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology
A
Form = function
24
Q
What are the topics of physiology and how are topics in physiology discussed?
A
Focus on a specific organ or system.
Renal, cardiovascular, and neurophysiology
25
What are the 4 main underlying themes in physiology?
1. Structure and function are closely related.
2. Living organisms need energy
3. Information flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
26
What are the main properties of life?
Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth
27
What are the 6 levels of organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
28
What is the smallest organization level
Chemical level
29
What is the largest organization level
Organism
30
Epithelial tissue
Lines internal surfaces and chambers of the body, produces glandular secretions
31
Connective tissue
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy (matrix)
32
Muscle tissues
Contract to produce active movement
33
Nervous tissue
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information from neuron to neuron
34
Integumentary system
Hair, skin, nails
35
Skeletal system
Joint, bones
36
muscular system
Skeletal muscles
37
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
38
Endocrine system
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, thymus, thyroid gland
39
Cardiovascular/Circulatory system
Blood vessels, blood and heart
40
Lymphatic system/immunity
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
41
Respiratory system
lungs, airways
42
Digestive system
stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
43
Urinary system
Kidney, bladder
44
male reproductive system
prostate, ductus deferens, scrotum, penis, testis
45
female reproductive system
mammary glands (breasts), uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube
46
how do the systems of the body work together? what function does this provide?
fully integrated in order to work together to maintain homeostasis
47
circulatory system functions
transport of materials between all cells of the body
48
digestive system functions
conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; eliminates waste
49
endocrine system functions
coordination of the body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
50
immune system functions
defense against foreign invaders
51
integumentary system functions
protection from external environment
52
musculoskeletal system functions
support and movement
53
nervous system functions
coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
54
reproductive system functions
perpetuation of the species
55
respiratory system functions
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
56
urinary system functions
maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
57
what is the anatomical position?
body erect, feet slightly apart, arms at side, palms facing forward
58
superior
towards the head
59
inferior
towards the feet
60
anterior
towards the belly (bipedal)
61
posterior
towards the spine
62
medial
towards the midline
63
lateral
away from midline
64
proximal
close to
65
distal
far from
66
superficial
towards surface
67
deep
away from surface
68
sagittal
left and right parts
69
transverse
superior and inferior parts
70
frontal (coronal)
anterior and posterior parts
71
oblique
not at 90 degrees to body
72
mid
along the midline
73
para
away from the midline
74
serial
consecutive cuts along the plane
75
what is homeostasis
ability of the body to maintain a stable internal condition in respect to the changing external environment. Homeostasis does not mean equilibrium
76
what are the 4 components of homeostatic control
variable, receptor, control center, effector
77
receptor
takes in sensory information
78
control center
determines the set point and regulates the body's response
79
effector
carries out the body's response
80
variable
a factor in the body that can be modified by the effector
81
what is the negative feedback loop?
output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
82
what is the positive feedback loop?
response enhances the original stimulus
83
cephalic
head
84
frontal
forehead
85
orbital/ ocular
eye
86
nasal
nose
87
oral
mouth
88
mental
chin
89
cervical
neck
90
thoracic/ thorax
chest
91
sternal
sternum
92
axillary
armpit
93
mammary
breasts
94
abdominal
abdomen
95
umbilical
navel
96
pelvic
pelvis
97
inguinal
groin
98
pubic
pubis
99
acromial
shoulder
100
brachial
arm
101
antecubical
front of elbow
102
olecranal
back of elbow
103
antebrachial
forearm
104
carpal
wrist
105
manus
hand
106
palmar
palm
107
pollex
thumb
108
digital/phalanges
fingers
109
coxal
hipbone/ pelvic bone
110
femoral
thigh
111
patellar
kneecap
112
popliteal
back of knee
113
crural
leg
114
sural
calf
115
fibular
calf bone on lateral side
116
tarsal
ankle
117
calcaneal
heel of foot
118
plantar
sole of foot
119
hallux
great toe (big toe)
120
otic
ear
121
occipital
lower back area of head
122
scapular
shoulder bone
123
vertebral
spinal
124
lumbar
loin (lower back)
125
sacral
base of vertebral column
126
gluteal
buttock
127
perineal
located on male/female between legs and below the pelvic diaphragm
128
what are the 3 main body cavities
1. dorsal
2. ventral
3. abdominopelvic
129
what major organs are found in the 3 main body cavities?
1. dorsal = brain, spinal cord
2. ventral = heart, lungs, digestive, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
3. abdominopelvic = digestive organs, urinary, reproductive organs
130
dorsal body cavity
divided into cranial and spinal cavity
131
cranial body cavity
contains brain
132
spinal body cavity
contains spinal cord
133
ventral body cavity
divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic
134
thoracic body cavity
divided into pericardial and pleural (R+L)
135
pericardial body cavity
contains heart
136
pleural body cavity
contains lungs
137
abdominopelvic body cavity
divided into abdomen and pelvic
138
abdominal body cavity
contains digestive organs
139
pelvic body cavity
contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
140
what is a serous membrane
thin double layered membrane that covers at the organs and lines the walls of the body
141
what are the 2 layers of a serous membrane
parietal and visceral
142
what separates the 2 layers of a serous membrane
layer of epithelial tissue
143
parietal
outer layer
144
visceral
inner layer
145
what are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
146
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions
1. right hypochondriac region
2. epigastric region
3. left hypochondriac region
4. right lumbar region
5. umbilical region
6. left lumbar region
7. right iliac (inguinal) region
8. hypogastric (pubic) region
9. left iliac (inguinal) region
147
what organs are found in the right hypochondriac region
liver, gallbladder
148
what organs are found in the epigastric region
stomach
149
what organs are found in the left hypochondriac region
diaphragm, spleen
150
what organs are found in the right lumbar region
ascending colon of large intestine
151
what organs are found in the umbilical region
small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
152
what organs are found in the left lumbar region
descending colon of large intestine
153
what organs are found in the right iliac region
cecum, appendix
154
what organs are found in the hypogastric region
urinary bladder
155
what organs are found in the left iliac region
sigmoid colon
156
how does the use of 4 and 9 region system of the abdomen help with determining causes of abdominal pain?
can make it easier to pinpoint the location of the abdominal pain
