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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1-Intro To Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Intro To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

Study of life

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2
Q

Responsiveness

A

Organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment. (Irritability)

Ex. Dog growing heavier coat in winter

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3
Q

Growth

A

Organisms increase in size through the growth or addition of cells

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Individual cells become specialized to perform particular functions

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

Organisms reproduce, creating new generations of similar, but not identical, organisms

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6
Q

Movement

A

Organisms can move (internal or external)

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy required for responsiveness, growth, reproduction and movement.

Refers to all the chemical operations in the body

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8
Q

Adaptability

A

The capacity for living things to make adjustments due to the conditions of their environment

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9
Q

Cells

A

Simplest units of life

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10
Q

Respiration

A

Absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of the potentially harmful waste products generated by metabolic operations

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Processing of complex foods in specialized structures in which they are broken down into simpler components that can be transported and absorbed easily.

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13
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts

“A cutting open”

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14
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms carry out their vital functions

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15
Q

2 subcategories of anatomy

A

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Microscopic anatomy

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16
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Macroscopic anatomy- considers features visible with the unaided eye

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17
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of general form and superficial markings

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18
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region on the body

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19
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Considers the structure of the structures of major organ systems

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20
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that work together in a coordinated manner to accomplish a task

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21
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Concerns structures that we cannot see without magnification

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22
Q

Cytology

A

Analyzes the internal structure of individual cells

Subcategory of microscopic anatomy

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23
Q

Histology

A

Examines tissues

Subcategory of microscopic anatomy

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24
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to carry out specific functions. They combine to form organs

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25
Q

Human physiology

A

Study of functions of the human body

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26
Q

Cell physiology

A

The study of the functions of living cells

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27
Q

Special physiology

A

The study of the physiology of of specific organs

Ex. Renal physiology (kidney function) and cardiac physiology (heart function)

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28
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Considers all aspects of of the functions of specific organ systems

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29
Q

Pathology

A

Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (Pathological physiology)

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30
Q

Chemical level

A

Simplest level of organization in organisms; atoms

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31
Q

Cellular level

A

2nd level; Different molecules interact to form different structures, each with a specific function in a cell; cells (the smallest living thing in the body) make up this organization level

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32
Q

Tissue level

A

3rd organizational level; Ex. Cardiac muscle tissue

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33
Q

Organ level

A

4th level; Two or more different tissues come together and work together to perform a specific function

Ex. Heart

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34
Q

Organ system level

A

5th level; organs interact

Ex. Cardiovascular system

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35
Q

Organism level

A

6th level; All of the organ systems work together to keep an organism alive and healthy

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36
Q

The Integumentary System

A

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature; provides sensory information

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37
Q

The Skeletal System

A

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

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38
Q

The Muscular System

A

Provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heat

39
Q

The Nervous System

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions

40
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

41
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

42
Q

The Lymphatic System

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

43
Q

The Respiratory System

A

Delivers air to the sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the bloodstream; produces sound for communication

44
Q

The Digestive System

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

45
Q

The Urinary System

A

Eliminates waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced

46
Q

The Male Reproductive System

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones (testosterone)

47
Q

The Female Reproductive System

A

Produces female sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth

48
Q

Homeostasis

A

Refers to a stable internal environment; state of internal balance

49
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A

Refers to the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

50
Q

Receptor

A

Involved in homeostatic regulation; sensitive to particular environmental changes or stimulus

51
Q

Control center

A

(Integration center) Involved in homeostatic regulation; receives and processes information from the receptor

52
Q

Effector

A

Involved in homeostatic regulation; a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus

53
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process that controls body temperature

54
Q

Negative feedback

A

Corrective mechanism that opposes or reverses a variation for normal limits and restores homeostasis

55
Q

Positive feedback

A

An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

56
Q

Anatomical terms

A

Describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections

57
Q

Anatomical position

A

In the standard anatomical illustrations-Hands at sides with palms facing forward, and feet together

58
Q

Supine

A

Laying down, face up

59
Q

Prone

A

Laying down, face down

60
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

A pair of imaginary lines that intersect at the navel create 4 quadrants to help indenting the location of aches and pains

61
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

How Anatomists separate the body into regions to be more precise about the regions and orientations of internal organs; 9

62
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body

63
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to the belly: equivalent to anterior

64
Q

Posterior

A

Back of the body

65
Q

Dorsal

A

Refers to the back of the body

66
Q

Frontal plane (Coronal plane)

A

1 of 3 sectional planes; runs along long axis of the body;

67
Q

Cells

A

Simplest units of life

68
Q

Organ

A

Combination of tissues that perform a specific function

68
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest stable units of matter

69
Q

Molecule

A

Combination of atoms to form complex and specialized shapes to perform functions

70
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Escalating cycle of positive feedback

71
Q

Medical terminology

A

Language of anatomy

72
Q

Eponyms

A

Commemorative names

73
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Runs along the long axis of the body, but extends anteriorly and posteriorly (front to back); divides the body into left and right portions

74
Q

Midsagittal section

A

A cut that passes along the body’s midline and divides the body into left and right halves (does not cut legs)

75
Q

Transverse plane

A

Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body; divides body into top and bottom portions

76
Q

Transverse section

A

A cut in the transverse plane

77
Q

Body cavities

A

Closed, fluid filled spaces lined by a thin tissue layer called the serous membrane

78
Q

Diaphragm

A

A flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

79
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organs enclosed by these cavities

80
Q

Visceral layer

A

The portion the serous membrane that covers a visceral organ

81
Q

Parietal layer

A

The opposing portion of the serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the body wall of chamber

82
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

The cavity in which the heart is projected

83
Q

Pericardium

A

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart

84
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

The layer covering the heart

85
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

The opposing surface facing the outside of the body

86
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities

87
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Cavity surrounding a lung

88
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity

89
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Cavity that is below the diaphragm but above the pelvic cavity

90
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Divided into the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity

91
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Below the diaphragm and below the abdominal cavity

92
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

A chamber lined by a serous membrane known as peritoneum; it in the abdominopelvic cavity

93
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Organs (such as kidneys and pancreas) that lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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