Chapter 1-Intro To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Biology
Study of life
Responsiveness
Organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment. (Irritability)
Ex. Dog growing heavier coat in winter
Growth
Organisms increase in size through the growth or addition of cells
Differentiation
Individual cells become specialized to perform particular functions
Reproduction
Organisms reproduce, creating new generations of similar, but not identical, organisms
Movement
Organisms can move (internal or external)
Metabolism
Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy required for responsiveness, growth, reproduction and movement.
Refers to all the chemical operations in the body
Adaptability
The capacity for living things to make adjustments due to the conditions of their environment
Cells
Simplest units of life
Respiration
Absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells
Excretion
Removal of the potentially harmful waste products generated by metabolic operations
Digestion
Processing of complex foods in specialized structures in which they are broken down into simpler components that can be transported and absorbed easily.
Anatomy
Study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts
“A cutting open”
Physiology
Study of how living organisms carry out their vital functions
2 subcategories of anatomy
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Gross anatomy
Macroscopic anatomy- considers features visible with the unaided eye
Surface anatomy
The study of general form and superficial markings
Regional anatomy
Considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region on the body
Systemic anatomy
Considers the structure of the structures of major organ systems
Organ system
Group of organs that work together in a coordinated manner to accomplish a task
Microscopic anatomy
Concerns structures that we cannot see without magnification
Cytology
Analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
Subcategory of microscopic anatomy
Histology
Examines tissues
Subcategory of microscopic anatomy
Tissues
Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to carry out specific functions. They combine to form organs
Human physiology
Study of functions of the human body
Cell physiology
The study of the functions of living cells
Special physiology
The study of the physiology of of specific organs
Ex. Renal physiology (kidney function) and cardiac physiology (heart function)
Systemic physiology
Considers all aspects of of the functions of specific organ systems
Pathology
Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (Pathological physiology)
Chemical level
Simplest level of organization in organisms; atoms
Cellular level
2nd level; Different molecules interact to form different structures, each with a specific function in a cell; cells (the smallest living thing in the body) make up this organization level
Tissue level
3rd organizational level; Ex. Cardiac muscle tissue
Organ level
4th level; Two or more different tissues come together and work together to perform a specific function
Ex. Heart
Organ system level
5th level; organs interact
Ex. Cardiovascular system
Organism level
6th level; All of the organ systems work together to keep an organism alive and healthy
The Integumentary System
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature; provides sensory information
The Skeletal System
Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells
The Muscular System
Provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heat
The Nervous System
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions
The Endocrine System
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
The Cardiovascular System
Transports cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
The Lymphatic System
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
The Respiratory System
Delivers air to the sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the bloodstream; produces sound for communication
The Digestive System
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
The Urinary System
Eliminates waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced
The Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones (testosterone)
The Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth
Homeostasis
Refers to a stable internal environment; state of internal balance
Homeostatic regulation
Refers to the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
Receptor
Involved in homeostatic regulation; sensitive to particular environmental changes or stimulus
Control center
(Integration center) Involved in homeostatic regulation; receives and processes information from the receptor
Effector
Involved in homeostatic regulation; a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus
Thermoregulation
Process that controls body temperature
Negative feedback
Corrective mechanism that opposes or reverses a variation for normal limits and restores homeostasis
Positive feedback
An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
Anatomical terms
Describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections
Anatomical position
In the standard anatomical illustrations-Hands at sides with palms facing forward, and feet together
Supine
Laying down, face up
Prone
Laying down, face down
Abdominopelvic quadrants
A pair of imaginary lines that intersect at the navel create 4 quadrants to help indenting the location of aches and pains
Abdominopelvic regions
How Anatomists separate the body into regions to be more precise about the regions and orientations of internal organs; 9
Anterior
Front of body
Ventral
Refers to the belly: equivalent to anterior
Posterior
Back of the body
Dorsal
Refers to the back of the body
Frontal plane (Coronal plane)
1 of 3 sectional planes; runs along long axis of the body;
Cells
Simplest units of life
Organ
Combination of tissues that perform a specific function
Atoms
The smallest stable units of matter
Molecule
Combination of atoms to form complex and specialized shapes to perform functions
Positive feedback loop
Escalating cycle of positive feedback
Medical terminology
Language of anatomy
Eponyms
Commemorative names
Sagittal plane
Runs along the long axis of the body, but extends anteriorly and posteriorly (front to back); divides the body into left and right portions
Midsagittal section
A cut that passes along the body’s midline and divides the body into left and right halves (does not cut legs)
Transverse plane
Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body; divides body into top and bottom portions
Transverse section
A cut in the transverse plane
Body cavities
Closed, fluid filled spaces lined by a thin tissue layer called the serous membrane
Diaphragm
A flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera
Internal organs enclosed by these cavities
Visceral layer
The portion the serous membrane that covers a visceral organ
Parietal layer
The opposing portion of the serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the body wall of chamber
Pericardial cavity
The cavity in which the heart is projected
Pericardium
The serous membrane that surrounds the heart
Visceral pericardium
The layer covering the heart
Parietal pericardium
The opposing surface facing the outside of the body
Mediastinum
Central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities
Pleural cavity
Cavity surrounding a lung
Pleura
The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity
Abdominal cavity
Cavity that is below the diaphragm but above the pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Divided into the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
Below the diaphragm and below the abdominal cavity
Peritoneal cavity
A chamber lined by a serous membrane known as peritoneum; it in the abdominopelvic cavity
Retroperitoneal organs
Organs (such as kidneys and pancreas) that lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity
