Chapter 1: Intro Flashcards
A consideration of the structure of the human body.
Anatomy
Anatomy asks ___.
what the structure looks like and how it’s constructed
Multicellular organisms consist of ___.
structural hierarchies
Cells are ___.
groups of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together
Tissues are ___.
groups of similar cells working together
Organs are ___.
groups of different tissues working together
What is the central goal of anatomy and physiology?
Homeostatis
Homeostasis is ___.
regulation of cells’ internal environment
Disease is a failure of ___.
homeostasis
Things that get through the membrane easily are ___, ___, and ___ molecules, like fatty acids and vitamins.
hydrophobic, lipophilic, nonpolar
Things that do not get through the membrane easily are ___, ___, and ___ molecules, like polysaccharides and amino acids.
hydrophilic, lipophobic, polar
In this form of membrane transport, concentration does not change.
Diffusion
In this type of diffusion, pores or carrier channels are needed.
Facilitated
In this type of diffusion, the process is totally unaided.
Simple
In this type of membrane transport, concentration does change.
Active
This type of transport requires the use of ATP.
Active
This type of transport is determined by saturation kinetics –unequal concentration at the end.
Active
This type of transport is determined by linear kinetics –more stuff means more transport.
Diffusion
This type of transport is determined by saturation kinetics – equal concentration at the end.
Active
What things are regulated by homeostasis?
body temperature body fluid composition body fluid volume waste product concentration blood pressure.
If a regulated variable has a normal range, this means that it’s regulated by ___.
homeostasis
This is a method of sensing a change in a regulated variable and responding to it.
Reflex arc
What are the steps to a reflex arc?
receptor –> afferent pathway –> integrator –> efferent pathway -> effector
What does the receptor do in a reflex arc?
It notices a change and responds to it by sending a signal down the afferent pathway.
What does the integrator do in a reflex arc?
It interprets the signal from the receptor and formulates an appropriate signal for the efferent pathway.
What does the afferent pathway do in a relax arc?
It carries the signal to the integrator.
What does an effector do in a reflex arc?
It responds to the change to restore homeostasis.
What does the efferent pathway do in a reflex arc?
It carries the signal from the integrator to the effector.
This type of feedback loop is where downward deviation results in a positive upward stimulus, or vice versa.
Negative
This type of feedback loop where upward deviation results in a positive upward stimulus, or vice versa.
Positive
Reflex arcs can be ___, ___, or both, which is called ___.
Neural, hormonal, neuroendocrine
Blood pressure is an example of a ___ reflex arc.
Neural
When blood pressure is too high, the integrator is the ___.
medulla oblongata
The ___ make up the afferent pathway when blood pressure rises, awhile the ___ make up the efferent pathway.
nerves, cardiac nerves
The ___ is the receptor when blood pressure gets too high.
aorta
Glucose being too high is an example of a ___ reflex arc.
hormonal
Childbirth is an example of a ___ reflex arc.
neuroendocrine
Typically, the first part of a neuroendocrine reflex arc is ___ and the second is ___.
neural, hormonal
