Chapter 1: History & Overview

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

impulses to behave in manners that alter or sustain the course of life

Question 2

Emotion

Answer 2

internal sensations of individuals, often in response to physiological events

Question 3

Animism

Answer 3

Attribution of spirits to activity of people, other animals, and agents of nature.
Spirit leaves the body at death, may survive or be transformed. (ghost)
Abnormal behaviour due to possession by evil spirits.

Question 4

Mythological

Answer 4

Religion has made many statements about human motivation and emotion
Authority figures are often unquestioned, and their statements are cited as infallible evidence

Question 5

Dualism

Answer 5

Separation of mind and body (neither mind nor body could be reduced to the other)

Attempt to integrate physiology and spiritualism
Mind is a soul that inhabits the physical body
Pineal gland is the interface of mind and spirit

Question 6

Hedonism

Answer 6

Human nature is inherently barbaric, warlike, and ignorant

Humans behave purely in ways which will bring pleasure or avoid pain

Question 7

Tabula Rasa

Answer 7

Humans born with a blank state of mind

Experience alone shapes our knowledge, behaviour, and who we become

Question 8

Empiricism

Answer 8

Use only data from direct sensory observation, not from subjective experience

Question 9

Operational definition

Answer 9

Define in terms of concrete observations

Question 10

Paradigm Shifts

Answer 10

Idea that changes in technology, conception, measurement methods lead to revolutions in scientific progress

Question 11

Evidence for Evolution & Genetics can be gathered from:

Answer 11

Cross-species comparisons
Examination of expression through development
Examination of expression across human cultures
Study of special populations (ex: indigenous pop)

Question 12

James (1898)

Early Scientific Influences

Answer 12

Argued that we must abandon old philosophy and preconceptions and apply best scientific methods to study ourselves. Influenced by Darwin, he suggested that humans might have one of richest sets of instincts among animals, which are our emotions.

Question 13

James-Lange theory

Answer 13

Physical changes that occur in humans and our subjective experiences of those states create internal sensations within us, which are emotions

Question 14

Watson (1920s)

Early Scientific Influences

Answer 14

Returned to idea of tabula rasa, suggesting learning and experience account for everything (Individuals are a blank slate and can be molded into any path)

Question 15

Skinner (1950s)

Early Scientific Influences

Answer 15

Suggested that the environment shapes behaviour.

That “instinct”, “emotion”, and “drives” are all myths.