Chapter 1- History & Career Opportunities

Question 1

Hairstyling, nail technology, and esthetics is _______________, also described as ________ ________.

Answer 1

cosmetology; appearance enhancement

Question 2

_________ is defined as the art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails and hair and includes the study of cosmetics and their application.

Answer 2

Cosmetology

Question 3

The term cosmetology comes from the Greek word _______, meaning ______________________.

Answer 3

kosmetikos; skilled in the use of cosmetics

Question 4

African civilization had a variety of hairstyles that were used as a symbol of tribal traditions and conveyed a message of age, marital status, _________, and rank.

Answer 4

power

Question 5

The ancient ______ were the first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion.

Answer 5

Egyptians

Question 6

The Egyptians used cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits, religious ceremonies and __________________.

Answer 6

preparation of the deceased for burial.

Question 7

Which civilization was the first to infuse essential oils from the leaves, bark, and blossoms of plants for use as perfumes and for purification purpose?

Answer 7

Egyptians

Question 8

Ancient Egyptians are credited with creating ________—originally made from a mixture of ground galena (a black mineral), sulfur, and animal fat—to heavily line the eye, alleviate eye inflammation, and ______________.

Answer 8

kohl makeup; protect the eyes from the glare of the sun.

Question 9

Throughout the Zhou Dynasty, also known as Chou Dynasty (circa 1100 BC), what were the royal colors during this early period in Chinese history?

Answer 9

Gold and Silver

Question 10

The ancient Greeks made lavish use of perfumes and cosmetics for grooming, medical purpose, and ________.

Answer 10

religious rites

Question 11

Roman women used hair color to indicate their ________________. Noblewomen tinted their hair _____, middle-class women colored their hair _______, and poor women dyed their hair ______.

Answer 11

class in society; red; blond; black

Question 12

Around AD 1000, a Persian physician and alchemist named _______ refined the process of steam distillation. This ushered in the modern era of steam-distilled __________ that we use today.

Answer 12

Avicenna; essential oils

Question 13

During the Middle Ages, women wore colored makeup on their _____ and _____ but not on their ______.

Answer 13

cheeks, lips; eyes

Question 14

To achieve a look of greater intelligence during the Renaissance, women _________________.

Answer 14

shaved their eyebrows and hairline to show a greater expanse of the forehead.

Question 15

The reign of Queen Victoria of England, between 1837 and 1901, was known as the ____________.

Answer 15

Victorian age

Question 16

Victorian women _________________________ to induce natural color rather than use cosmetics because makeup and showy clothing were discouraged except in the theater.

Answer 16

pinched their cheeks and bit their lips

Question 17

Beauty applications began to follow trends set by ____________ and ____________.

Answer 17

celebrities and society figures

Question 18

The makeup developed by ____________ was popular with movie stars because it would not cake or crack, even under hot studio lights.

Answer 18

Max Factor

Question 19

In the early twentieth century the onset of ____________ led to a new prosperity in the U.S., during which all forms of beauty began to follow the trends set by celebrities and society figures.

Answer 19

Industrialization

Question 20

In 1872 __________ invented the first curling iron—tongs heated by a gas burner. He created an electric version later around 1923.

Answer 20

Marcel Grateau

Question 21

What year was the preheat-perm method introduced?

Answer 21

1931

Question 22

By 1925, the Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America (AMBBA) established the National Education Council with the goal of standardizing requirements for barber schools and barber instructor training, establishing curriculum, and setting forth ______________.

Answer 22

state licensing laws

Question 23

The early screen sirens Gloria Swanson and _____________ helped glamorize the hip new lacquer trend in the 1930s by wearing matching polish on their fingers and toes.

Answer 23

Jean Harlow

Question 24

In 1932, Lawrence Gelb, a New York chemist, introduced the first permanent haircolor product and founded a company called _________.

Answer 24

Clairol

Question 25

In 1942 scientists developed another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion and no heat. It was also called a what?

Modern versions of __________, usually referred to _______________, are very popular today.

Answer 25

Cold wave; cold waves; alkaline perms

Question 26

The 1970s saw a new era in _____________ when French hairdressers introduced the art of hair weaving using _____________.

Answer 26

highlighting; aluminum foil

Question 27

The worlds first ammonia-free haircolor was invented by _______________ in 1985.

Answer 27

Farouk Shami

Question 28

Since the late 1980s, the salon industry has evolved to include day spas, a name that was first coined by beauty legend _______________.

Answer 28

Noel DeCaprio

Question 29

What holds the key to individual development and personal motivation, gives you knowledge and confidence, and provides you the best opportunity to advance your career and achieve real success?

Answer 29

Continuing education

Question 30

A __________________ provides a connection between salons and their staff and the rest of the beauty industry by providing information about new products, new trends, and new techniques.

Answer 30

distributor sales consultant

Question 31

In order to get experience providing hairstyling services in film and TV sets, you should be prepared to ____________ for a period of time.

Answer 31

offer to volunteer

Question 32

To be a successful salon manager, you must have an altitude for math and accounting and understand ______________.

Answer 32

marketing

Question 33

Most manufacturers consider the creative director to be ____________ and the driving force behind brand success. It is one of the most rewarding and respected positions in the industry. Once you have established yourself as a successful hairdresser, with ________________ of experience in all facets of hairdressing, this position can be obtainable.

Answer 33

an executive-level position; 10 or more years

Question 34

The beauty icon who turned the hairstyling world on its ear with revolutionary geometric cuts was ______________.

Answer 34

Vidal Sassoon

Question 35

The second half of the twentieth century saw the introduction of tube mascara, improved hair care and nail products, and the boom and _____________ of the weekly salon appointment.

Answer 35

death