Chapter 1- History & Career Opportunities Flashcards
Hairstyling, nail technology, and esthetics is _______________, also described as ________ ________.
cosmetology; appearance enhancement
_________ is defined as the art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails and hair and includes the study of cosmetics and their application.
Cosmetology
The term cosmetology comes from the Greek word _______, meaning ______________________.
kosmetikos; skilled in the use of cosmetics
African civilization had a variety of hairstyles that were used as a symbol of tribal traditions and conveyed a message of age, marital status, _________, and rank.
power
The ancient ______ were the first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion.
Egyptians
The Egyptians used cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits, religious ceremonies and __________________.
preparation of the deceased for burial.
Which civilization was the first to infuse essential oils from the leaves, bark, and blossoms of plants for use as perfumes and for purification purpose?
Egyptians
Ancient Egyptians are credited with creating ________—originally made from a mixture of ground galena (a black mineral), sulfur, and animal fat—to heavily line the eye, alleviate eye inflammation, and ______________.
kohl makeup; protect the eyes from the glare of the sun.
Throughout the Zhou Dynasty, also known as Chou Dynasty (circa 1100 BC), what were the royal colors during this early period in Chinese history?
Gold and Silver
The ancient Greeks made lavish use of perfumes and cosmetics for grooming, medical purpose, and ________.
religious rites
Roman women used hair color to indicate their ________________. Noblewomen tinted their hair _____, middle-class women colored their hair _______, and poor women dyed their hair ______.
class in society; red; blond; black
Around AD 1000, a Persian physician and alchemist named _______ refined the process of steam distillation. This ushered in the modern era of steam-distilled __________ that we use today.
Avicenna; essential oils
During the Middle Ages, women wore colored makeup on their _____ and _____ but not on their ______.
cheeks, lips; eyes
To achieve a look of greater intelligence during the Renaissance, women _________________.
shaved their eyebrows and hairline to show a greater expanse of the forehead.
The reign of Queen Victoria of England, between 1837 and 1901, was known as the ____________.
Victorian age
Victorian women _________________________ to induce natural color rather than use cosmetics because makeup and showy clothing were discouraged except in the theater.
pinched their cheeks and bit their lips
Beauty applications began to follow trends set by ____________ and ____________.
celebrities and society figures
The makeup developed by ____________ was popular with movie stars because it would not cake or crack, even under hot studio lights.
Max Factor
In the early twentieth century the onset of ____________ led to a new prosperity in the U.S., during which all forms of beauty began to follow the trends set by celebrities and society figures.
Industrialization
In 1872 __________ invented the first curling iron—tongs heated by a gas burner. He created an electric version later around 1923.
Marcel Grateau
What year was the preheat-perm method introduced?
1931
By 1925, the Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America (AMBBA) established the National Education Council with the goal of standardizing requirements for barber schools and barber instructor training, establishing curriculum, and setting forth ______________.
state licensing laws
The early screen sirens Gloria Swanson and _____________ helped glamorize the hip new lacquer trend in the 1930s by wearing matching polish on their fingers and toes.
Jean Harlow
In 1932, Lawrence Gelb, a New York chemist, introduced the first permanent haircolor product and founded a company called _________.
Clairol
