Chapter 1 - History and Approaches

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science therefore should rely on observation and experimentation.

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

Developed by Edward Bradford Titchener, it focused on self-reelection and introspection. Highly unreliable.

Question 3

Functionalism

Answer 3

A school or psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt, survive and flourish.

Question 4

Experimental psychology

Answer 4

They study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Question 6

Humanistic psychology

Answer 6

The historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

Question 7

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 7

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with thinking including perception, thinking, memory, and language.

Question 8

Psychology

Answer 8

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 9

Nature-nurture issue

Answer 9

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of the two.

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will mist likely

Question 11

Levels of analysis

Answer 11

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Question 12

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 12

An integrated that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Question 13

Behavioral psychology

Answer 13

The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

Question 14

Biological psychology

Answer 14

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

Question 15

Cognitive psychology

Answer 15

An approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes.

Question 16

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 16

The study of the roots of behavior and mental process using the principles of natural selection.

Question 17

Psychodynamic psychology

Answer 17

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives abs conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

Question 18

Socio-cultural psychology

Answer 18

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

Question 19

Psychometrics

Answer 19

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

Question 20

Basic research

Answer 20

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Question 21

Developmental psychology

Answer 21

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Question 22

Educational psychology

Answer 22

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

Question 23

Personality psychology

Answer 23

The study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 24

Social psychology

Answer 24

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 25

Applied research

Answer 25

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Question 26

Industrial-organizational psychology

Answer 26

Application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

Question 27

Human factors psychology

Answer 27

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

Question 28

Counseling psychology

Answer 28

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving a greater well-being.

Question 29

Clinical psychology

Answer 29

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Question 30

Psychiatry

Answer 30

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree MD.

Question 31

Positive psychology

Answer 31

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to strive.

Question 32

Community psychology

Answer 32

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

Question 33

Testing effect

Answer 33

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Question 34

SQ3R

Answer 34

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review