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Champagne Master > Chapter 1 - History > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - History Flashcards

1
Q

What three things did the Romans bring to the area under their rule?

A

Viticulture
Chalk quarries
Protection for the Remi tribe.

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2
Q

Name two ancient grape varieties.

A
  1. Gouais Blanc
  2. Fromenteau (Pinot Gris)
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3
Q

What happened to viticulture after the fall of Rome?

A

It fell into the hands of the clergy who filled the power void.

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4
Q

Who baptised King Clovis and where?

A

Bishop Remi in Reims in the 5th century.

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5
Q

What and who had a major role in the development of viticulture in the 5th and 6th centuries?

A

The church and monasteries (Benedictines). Wine was needed for mass and a source of income.

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6
Q

Who was the first coronation ceremony held for in France?

A

King Pepin the Short in Soissons in 752

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7
Q

For how many years did coronations take place in Reims?

A

600 years. 27 French kings.

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8
Q

What were the wines of Champagne known as in the 9th century?

A
  1. Vins de la montagne
  2. Vins de la revière
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9
Q

Which dynasty had armed conflict in the Champagne region in the 9th century?

A

The Carolingian Dynasty. Descendants of Charlemagne.

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10
Q

What is the name of the city that became the capital of Champagne.

A

Troyes. In the Aube.

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11
Q

What was the reason for Troyes becoming the capital of Champagne?

A

The Counts of Troyes becoming the Counts of Champagne and clashing with the Bishop of Reims.

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12
Q

What was happening in Champagne in the Middle Ages?

A

Trade fairs twice a year (Foires de Champagne). Hosted in Troyes, Bar-sur-Aube etc.

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13
Q

When were the first wine brokers appointed in Reims?

A

1323

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14
Q

What war took place between 1337 and 1453?

A

The Hundred Years War.

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15
Q

What colour were the wines of Champagne in the Middle Ages?

A

Almost clear to onion skin, and from pale to pale red.

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16
Q

What happened to the wine during the Middle Ages.

A

The winter cold interrupted the fermentation process and then the spring warmth restarted it. The wine had a slight effervescent quality.

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17
Q

What was the climate like between the 1300’s and 1800’s ?

A

The mini ice age.

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18
Q

When did viticulture become established in the Champagne region?

A

The end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century.

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19
Q

What is the name of the next conflict (after The Hundred Years War) to hit the Champagne region?

A

The Thirty Years War - 1618-1648

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20
Q

When was Gosset established?

A
  1. As a wine House not a champagne House.
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21
Q

Who was making effervescent wine in the 16th century?

A

The monks at the Abbye Saint Hilaire in Limoux. 1531.

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22
Q

What is Dom Pérignon credited with?

A
  1. White wine from black skinned grapes.
  2. Focusing on the blend.
  3. Shallow champagne basket press.
  4. Experimenting with verre anglais and cork stoppers.
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23
Q

What is the name of a wooden plug wrapped in oil soaked hemp?

A

Broquelet

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24
Q

What was the name of the sparkling wine from the village of Aÿ called?

A

Tocane

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25
Q

What three developments occurred by the end of the 17th century?

A
  1. Uniform bottle neck openings
  2. Cork reintroduced as a seal.
  3. Strong glass bottle production method from the English.
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26
Q

Who was the Royal Navy Admiral who convinced King James I to prohibit the use of wood in glassblowers furnaces?

A

Sir Robert Mansell

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27
Q

What is a pontil?

A

A wooden device for holding newly formed glass bottles

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28
Q

What were the wines of Champagne called at the end of the 17th century?

A

Vins de Champagne

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29
Q

Name some of the grapes in use at the end of the 17th century.

A

Gouais
Meslier
Arbanne
Gouais Noir
Morillon Noir (Pinot Noir)
Morillon Taconné (Meunier)
Fromenteau (Pinot Gris)

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30
Q

Who wrote a paper for the Royal Society documenting a “sparkling method” and when did he submit it?

A

Christopher Merret

1662

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31
Q

Where was Dom Pérignon a cellar master?

A

Abbey Saint-Pierre in Hautvillers

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32
Q

What does “demi-mousseux” mean?

A

Lightly effervescent

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33
Q

What does mousseux/pétillant mean?

A

Effervescent or “sparkle”

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34
Q

What does “grand mousseux” mean

A

More effervescent- 3atms of pressure

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35
Q

What does “sablant” mean?

A

Flat

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36
Q

What is “ullage”?

A

The unfilled space in the bottle

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37
Q

When did it become legal to transport champagne in bottle?

A
  1. By royal decree.
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38
Q

When did the official champagne bottle first appear?

A

March 8th, 1735. By royal decree.
It held a pint by Paris measure.

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39
Q

Who is the oldest champagne house?

A

Ruinart. Established in 1729

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40
Q

What prompted the establishment of Ruinart as a Champagne House.

A

The royal decree allowing champagne to be transported in bottle in 1728.

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41
Q

What was Reims famous for in the early 1700’s?

A

Textiles.

42
Q

When was Möet established?

A

1743

43
Q

When was Roederer established?

A

1776

44
Q

Who is credited with “chaptalisation”?

A

Jean-Antoine Chaptal. (Incorrectly)

45
Q

What was the weather like in the 18th century?

A

Harsh. There was a devastating freeze in 1788-1789.

46
Q

What happened in Champagne between 1803 and 1813

A

Napoléon fought a series of battles against Russia, Prussia and Austria. Much of the fighting took place in Champagne.

47
Q

How many champagne houses were there by 1821 compared to the 18th century?

A

From 10 (18th C) to 100 in 1821

48
Q

When was Billecart-Salmon established?

A

1825

49
Q

Renaudin-Bollinger established?

A

1829

50
Q

Krug established?

A

1843

51
Q

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

A

Improved the microscope, and the first to observe single cell organisms.

52
Q

Antoine Lavoisier

A

Helped construct the metric system. Drew up the first list of elements. Discovered and named oxygen and hydrogen.

53
Q

Antoine- Alexis Cadet de Vaux

A

Invented the gleuco- oenometer as a way to measure residual sugar.

54
Q

Jean-Antoine Chaptal

A

Discovered and named nitrogen. The chaptalisation process bears his name.

55
Q

Nicolas-Theodore de Saussure

A

His work with oxygen, carbon dioxide and water gave chemical structure to the process of photosynthesis. His experiments also proved that plants absorb nutrients selectively.

56
Q

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

A

Found a way to measure alcohol content.

57
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered yeast in 1857 and linked it to fermentation.

58
Q

Jean-Baptiste François

A

In 1837 he used an instrument called a “cadet devaux densimètre” (hydrometer) to measure the precise quantity of sugar for dosage. Breakage dropped as a consequence.

59
Q

Edmé-Jules Maumené

A

Perfected an instrument called an aphrometer to check pressure in the bottle and he focused on wines’ ability to absorb co2.

60
Q

What does “sur lattes” mean

A

Stacking of the bottles vertically using thin strips of wood to separate them.

61
Q

When was the UMC formed

A

1882

62
Q

When did Phylloxera arrive in Champagne?

A

1890

63
Q

When was “The Belle Epoque”

A

1871-1914

64
Q

What percentage of the set price would Grand Cru villages receive?

A

100%

65
Q

What percentage of the set price would Premier Cru villages receive?

A

90-99%

66
Q

What percentage of the set price would “other” crus receive?

A

80-89%

67
Q

What is “changement de tas”

A

Moving the stacks of wine bottles to loosen the sediment.

68
Q

Who invented riddling?

A

Madame Clicquot and her chef de caves, Antoine Müller.

69
Q

When did the A shaped pupitre appear.

A

By 1840

70
Q

What is “dégorgement à la volée?

A

Flying disgorgement.

71
Q

How was champagne served in the 19th century

A

Frappé. Ice cold.

72
Q

What is “remplissage”

A

Topping up after disgorging with more of the same champagne.

73
Q

When did dosage machines appear?

A

1844

74
Q

What is “surbouchage”?

A

Covering corks in tin foil. 1856

75
Q

What is the wire cage called?

A

Muselet

76
Q

Who invented the muselet?

A

Adolphe Jacquesson. Patented in 1844

77
Q

Between 1871 and 1890, how many “difficult” vintages were there?

A

15

78
Q

When was the “golden age”?

A

1830-1870

79
Q

What occurred in the “golden age”?

A
  1. Famous names appear
  2. The wines were branded.
  3. Power shifted from the landowners to the négociants with capital.
80
Q

When was the “Madrid Agreement”?

A

1891

81
Q

What was the “Madrid Agreement”?

A

Concerning the international registration of marks. Ratified by nine countries.

82
Q

What organisation was formed in 1904?

A

Fédération des Syndicats Viticoles de la Champagne

SGV

83
Q

What law was put into effect in 1905

A

A law to regulate brands, marks and areas of origin.

84
Q

When were the borders of Champagne made official?

A

1908

85
Q

Which area was excluded?

A

The Aube

86
Q

When was the Échelle des Crus implemented?

A

1911

87
Q

What also happened in 1911?

A

The Champagne riots.

88
Q

What was the outcome of these riots?

A

The Aube was granted a special appellation, “Champagne Deuxième Zone”.

89
Q

When was “The Belle Epoque”?

A

1871-1914

90
Q

What happened during WWI?

A

The vineyards were devastated. Part of the front was in the Champagne region.

91
Q

What happened after WWI?

A

The vineyards were replanted in rows with new varieties and a reduction in the area of planting.

92
Q

When was the Champagne viticole expanded to include the Aube?

A

1927

93
Q

Name three grapes used after WWI

A

Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Meunier

94
Q

Which interprofessional organisation was formed in 1935

A

Commission de Châlons

95
Q

Name two early prestige cuvées

A

Cristal: 1876
Dom Pérignon: 1937

96
Q

When did récoltants manipulants first appear?

A

During The Great Depression

97
Q

What happened in Champagne during WWII?

A

The fighting did not take place there. The Germans looted millions of bottles of champagne.

98
Q

What organisation was formed in 1941?

A

The CIVC.

99
Q

When was the gyropalette introduced?

A

1973

100
Q

When was the Madrid Protocol drafted and then in effect?

A

1989 and 1996.

101
Q

What is the Madrid Protocol?

A

An update to the Madrid Agreement of 1891. Measures were put in place to make it easy for businesses to register their brands/marks with all international members.

Signatories to the Madrid Agreement and Madrid protocol are members of the Madrid Union.

Champagne Master (7 decks)

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