CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Flashcards
Originated from the Latin word “Scientia,” which means to know.
Science
first and most fundamental goal of science is
to describe
Who says, “anything that goes up must go down”?
Isaac Netwon
The next goal of science is
to predict
The last and ultimate goal of science is
to explain
Two major fields of Science
Natural Science and Social Science
It deals with the scientific research of social, cultural, economic, psychological, and political forces that guides the individual in their actions.
Social Science
It deals with the study of the universe and the physical world.
Natural Science
It concerns with the study of living things, life cycles, adaptations, and interaction with their environment
Biological Science
It refers to the study of non-living things.
Physical Science
It refers to the study of the earth and the systems in space.
Earth Science
It deals with the study of animals of all kinds, from tiny insects to giant mammals
Zoology
It deals with the study of plants
Botany
It is the study of the organisms, the environment, and how they interact with each other.
Ecology
It deals with matter, their properties, behavior, and its composition.
Chemistry
studies the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. Mostly, it
deals with concepts related to motion, force, energy, matter, heat, light, sound, charges, mass, and atoms.
Physics
It deals with the study of weather and the atmosphere. This field, tells us if a specific area has low pressure, or if it will be a rainy day, or a sunny day.
Meteorology
It deals with the heavenly bodies and the phenomena happening outside the earth’s atmosphere. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets.
Astronomy
It is concerned with the study of the earth. The study includes its composition, structure, and the processes it undergoes in time.
Geology
It deals with the study of society and its structural relationship and interactions. That is, from a small and personal group to a large group.
Sociology
It refers to the
154 study of the human mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to nations’ actions, from child development to care for aged.
Psychology
deals with the study of the governments and how they work. Its primary goal is to have a deeper human understanding of the forms and nature of political action, down to the development of theoretical tools, for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena.
Political Science
something human beings naturally crave
Knowledge
the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge, and remains an area of vibrant research.
Epistemology
Epistemology originates from a Greek word which means for knowledge.
Episteme
Author of “Is justified true belief, a knowledge?
Edmund Gettier
Tripartite definition of knowledge
Justified, True, Belief
The knowledge that something factually or honestly is the case; knowledge of facts.
Propositional Knowledge
It is called descriptive knowledge or declarative knowledge
Propositional Knowledge
It is the knowledge that focuses on how to perform a task, or how to do something.
Procedural Knowledge
Other term of Procedural Knowledge
Implicit or Ability Knowledge
This knowledge gained through firsthand involvement or experiences. It is also known as knowledge by acquaintance, which states that to know, one must have to do with being familiar with something.
Personal Knowledge
It is the study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge
Formal Science
It is an area of study that uses experience, especially of the senses, to derive the only source of knowledge.
Empirical Science
Outlined the scientific method in the year 1561 to 1626
Francis Bacon
It is a series of steps, but know that new information may lead a scientist to do some back up and repetition of steps at any point during the process.
Scientific Method
Hammer stones are one of the earliest tools referred to as
Oldowan toolkit
Humans have started smelting copper because of its durability and hardness, making it better for tools and weapons.
Bronze Age
Who practiced magical enchantments with the aid of medicinal prescriptions when persons became ill?
Mesopotamians
Sumerian period school system known as the tablet house or
edubba
a man who studied theological, botanical, zoological, geographical, mathematical, grammatical, and linguistic knowledge is known to be an expert or
ummia
a pyramidal stepped temple tower
Ziggurat
a writing system invented by the Sumerians and was borrowed by their neighbors then later used and developed by other civilizations or empires
Cuneiform
a picture of a star represents
heaven
the sign represents the word ___ which means god
dignir
served as the deciphering civilization of the Sumerian writing scripts allowing transcriptions and putting of meaning.
Akkadians
After the fall of the Akkadians and the division of cities and people King Hammurabi unified the divided cities in Mesopotamia through his code of laws or the
Hammurabi’s Code
built tall mounds to raise them higher from the ground, dug canals for land irrigation and fertile farming, created aqueducts for channeling water in different areas for drinking and span for about 30 miles.
Assyrians
they became the center of alchemy research in the Mediterranean
Egyptians
created bricks with appropriate ratios for the stability of their buildings to be built as evident in Indus Valley Civilization during the 4th millennium BC.
Indians
The use of the decimal system on counting boards originated in
China
explained how the cosmos became in order. They have postulated explanations for the natural phenomena like why land floats on water and earthquakes.
Greek philosophers
The people studying the natural world are called
Natural Philosophers
He proposed the division of matter into four elements: earth –water–air – fire
Empedocles of Agrigente
He developed five significant points where the atomic theory was based
Democritus of Abdera
He theorized that tiny particles called “atomos” made up all materials –indivisible in his theory on Atomism.
Leucippus Melitus
created a better “Geocentric Model.” He wrote Almagest which is also known as(Astronomy book)
Claudius Ptolemy
They provided manuscripts named Codex that used the method of glass blowing and constructed concrete, dams, and amphitheaters.
Romans
He is the first to introduce the concept of heliocentric theory model of the solar system.
Aristarchus of Samos
He supported Empedocles’ concept with an additional notion of “qualities” (hot-cold – wet-dry) as essential elements, also known as the Element Theory.
Aristotle
the highest element that permeates all nature and is the substance composing the celestial bodies
Quintessence
is the platform for accelerated
56 progress in the scientific community. Notable scientists made significant contributions to the rebirth of science after the sudden turn off of science.
Renaissance
helped facilitate the information at a faster pace and be available to the people by inventing printing press
Johannes Guttenberg
favored Heliocentric Theory, for it was “pleasing to the mind” rather than rational observations
Nicholas Copernicus
He proved Copernicus theory through mathematic and gathered information through night observation. He demonstrated that planets moved in an elliptical orbit and determined the cause of Earth’s tide (due to the rotation of the moon)
Johannes Kepler
Father of Experimental Science. The first person to study the sky with the use of a telescope and noted some moons of Jupiter
Galileo Galilei
Father of Modern Western Philosophy. He promoted that science is grounded in observation and experiment. He conceptualizes the idea of never accepting anything as accurate unless all reasons of doubt can be ruled out. Also, he proposed that knowledge can be acquired thru logic and mathematics and developed Analytic Geometry.
Rene Descartes
Father of Empiricism
Francis Bacon
provided accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations
Tycho Brahe
He conceived the ideas of differential and integral calculus independently.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
The transition to 18th century
Age of Reason
Formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation and the Laws of Motion and the Corpuscular Theory
Isaac Newton
Showed the electrical force between charges as affected by the charge magnitude and the separation distance, known as Coulomb’s Law
Charles Coulomb
Developed a practical steam engine and became the cheap source of power
James Watt
In 1714, he created mercury-filled thermometer basing on the freezing and boiling point of water
Gabriel Fahrenheit
Showed that Newton’s Laws applied to comets and he analyzed the pattern of occurrences of comets.
Edmond Halley
provided evidence of the conservation of mass and published articles explaining the role of oxygen in the burning of objects
Antoine Lavoisier
focused on the astronomical research giving the discovery of periodic comets named after her, 35P/Herschel Rigollet
Caroline Herschel
the first woman to earn professorship at a university. She provided experimental research on Franklinian Electricity.
Laura Bassi
By the entry of the 19th century, coined “scientist” in 1833.
William Whewell
Creation of electric battery known as voltaic pile thereby improving the study of electric currents.
Alessandro Volta
Proposed the theory of evolution, proposing that all species have descended over time from common ancestors.
Charles Darwin
Discovery on the principles of vaccination, fermentation by use of bacteria and pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
formulation of the periodic law and the creation of the Periodic Table of Elements
Dmitri Mendeleev
introduced the concept of a rotating magnetic field
Nikola Tesla
Recognized for his invention of dynamite and the creation of the Nobel Prize.
Alfred Nobel
Man first landed on the moon with the help of
Aerospace Engineering
Worked together with her husband, Pierre Curie, and discovered two new elements: polonium and uranium and coined the term “radioactivity.”
Marie Curie
He is a German-born theoretical physicist who had shaken the foundations of classical mechanics with his postulates on Relativity, Photoelectric Effect, and General Theory of Relativity.
Albert Einstein
Invented the Polio vaccine during the epidemic on Polio
Jonas Salk
together with Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology
James Watson
Revolutionized the foundation of modern computers, Artificial Intelligence, CAPTCHA, and the Turing Test Tu Youyou (1930 until Present), Discovered a new treatment for malaria which helped people globally
Alan Turing
The first draft of the Human Genome Project was published until its completion last 2003.
2001
What year does isolation and synthesis of graphene, the monolayer carbon atoms with promising quantum electrical properties discovered?
2004
Self-Replicating, synthetic bacterial cells were constructed; Neanderthal Genome Project’s findings were first presented on?
2010
When is the discovery of Higgs boson at CERN, confirming where matter acquired its mass?
2012
CRISPR means _____ that can pave the way for potent gene-editing tools that will make sweeping changes to any organism’s DNA.
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Traces of liquid water were found on the surface of Mars.
2015
The first evidence of gravitation waves from GW170817 was observed by LIGO/Virgo Collaboration confirming Einstein’s predictions.
2016
First image of Black Hole was captured.
2019
The isolation and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2, a contagious virus originated from Wuhan, China that causes Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
2020
comes from the Greek word “paradeigma,” which means a pattern or an example
paradigm
He referred paradigmt as the underlying conceptual framework containing all the commonly accepted views on a specific field.
Thomas Kuhn
a series of extreme revolution where every revolution leads to either the addition or replacement of an old conceptual world view with a new one
Paradigm Shift
It is a sort of metamorphosis, a transformation, a change from one way of perception to another.
Paradigm Shift
Thomas Kuhn described paradigm shift in his book entitled
“The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”
It is the fifth and
45 the last step of a simple cycle of progress
Paradigm Shift
The cycle is preceded by
Prescience
Five significant steps in Kuhn’s cycle
normal science, model drift, model crisis, model revolution, and paradigm shift.
it is the pre-step to the primary Kuhn cycle. In this stage, the field’s paradigm is not mature enough to explain and solve the field’s main problems.
Prescience
it is the standard model of understanding and problem solving for a discipline.
Normal Science
it refers to the discipline that starts to be faced with new questions or anomalies that the current model cannot address.
Model drift
this model fails to resolve all problems, and unresolved anomalies appear in higher volume. Additionally, discipline practitioners can no longer patch the model.
Model Crisis
in which one or more candidates appear to resolve the crisis, and the discipline struggles with a new model.
Model Revolution
which held that material objects had essential natures that determined their behavior
Aristotle’s physics
which held time and space to be the same everywhere, for all observers
Newtonian physics
which holds time and space to be relative to the observer’s frame of reference
Einsteinian’s physics
where the earth is the center of the universe
Ptolemy’s astronomy
here the sun is the center of the universe
Copernican astronomy
