Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 > Chapter 1 - Genetics And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Genetics And Biotechnology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1.

What are dominant and recessive traits?

A

Dominant traits:
Shows up when present (Capital letter)

Recessive traits:
Disappears with the dominant trait that is present (small letter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2.

State the 3 genetic rules that Mendal developed as a result of his study with pea plants

A
  1. Assign letters to trait
  2. Determine genotypes if parents
  3. Make Punnet square
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
3.
Go over the genetic terms 
1. Phenotype 
2. Genotype 
3. Heterozygous 
4. Homozygous 
5. Pure 
6. Hybrid
7. Alleles 
8. Homologous Chromosomes 
9. Monohybrid 
10. Dihybrid
A 
Phenotype: 
Appearance of Trait 
Genotype: 
Gene combination 
Heterozygous: 
2 diff alleles 
Homozygous: 
2 identical alleles 
Alleles: 
One of the possible forms of a gene 
Homologous chromosomes: 
2 chromosomes that have the same kind of genes in the same order 
Monohybrid: 
2 parents differ in one pair of traits 
Dihybrid: 
2 parents differ in 2 pairs of traits 
Pure 
Homozygous trait 
Hybrid 
Heterozygous trait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4.

Be able to do Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

A

Doing good :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5.

Describe two of the exceptions to Mendals rules

A

1.incomplete dominance
The blending of 2 diff traits to get a 3rd intermediate phenotype

  1. Multiple alleles
    - more than one pair of alleles is required to produce a trait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

6.

Be able to do crosses involving the exceptions

A

Keep going!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

7.

What is a pedigree and why do we use them?

A

Pedigree:

  • A visual chart that depicts a family’s history of there genes.
  • Can tell the possibilities of someone getting a disorder.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
8. 
What do each of the following mean when looking at a pedigree? 
1. Solid square 
2. Empty square 
3. Solid circle 
4. Empty circle 
5. half filled circle or square
A 
1. Solid:
affected by the trait (male) 
(dominant or recessive) 
2. Empty: 
Not affected
Half empty: carrier of the trait or hybrid (heterozygous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

9.

Be able to determine the genotype and resulting phenotype of individuals when using a pedigree

A

Doing great!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

10.

Describe gene flow

A

Gene flow:
The transfer of alleles or genes b/w populations

Changes the frequency of certain genes within a population

Look at paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

11.

State a couple of factors that would reduce gene flow

A

Reduce gene flow:
-small population
Populations are far apart for each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

12.

What is a Chromosome?

A

Chromosome:
Protein & DNA, ensures DNA is accurately copied and distributed

A thread like structure of nucleic acids and proteins

Carries genetic info in form of genes
Look at pic in binder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

13.

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

14.
Supercoiling of DNA allows it to fly into the cells. It also allows genes to be read or not. How is the reading of the genes determine by supercoiling

A

Tightly wounded-
gene isn’t read, so proteins aren’t made loosely wound-
gene is read so proteins are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

15.

Compare somatic cells and gametes

A

Somatic cells-
All cells that aren’t apart of the reproductive system

Gamete cells-
Cells in the reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

16.

Compare chromatid and chromatin

A

Chromatid:
One half of a chromosome

Chromatin:
DNA with all of Gus proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

17.

Compare haploid and diploid

A

Haploid:
(n) half the number of chromosomes

Diploid:
(Zn) Contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

18.

How do the terms homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids relate?

A

Individual homologous chromosomes are made of sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

19.

What is crossing-over?

A

Crossing over:

Switching genetic material b/w homologous chromosomes during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

20.

How are mitosis and meiosis similar and different

A

Similar:
Involves PMAT steps in which cells divide
Both allow for replication
Meiosis 11 is similar to Mitosis-> Chromosomes line up & sister chromatids are separated

Different:
Mitosis:
-cells splits to create 2 identical
Copies of the original cell
- Two identical daughter cells that are diploid
Meiosis:
-Cells split to form new cells with half the usual # of chromosomes
- includes 2 stages
-4 daughter cells are haploid & genetically different
-only egg and sperm cells

21
Q

21.

List two chromosomal abnormalities and describe them

A

Deletion:
part of chromosome missing

Inversion:
A inverted piece of chromosome

22
Q

22.

How does non-disjunction happen and why would it cause issues in the organism with these changes?

A

Non-disjunction:
Produces one cell with extra chromosomes and one cell lacking chromosomes because homologous chromosomes fail to segregate during meiosis

It would cause issues in the organisms because there would be two many proteins or not enough

23
Q

23.

How many chromosomes are in the usual human cell?

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

24
Q

24.

What is a human karyotype and why are they useful?

A

Karyotype:
A pic of all chromosomes in a cell
They are in condensed form

They help us diagnose chromosomal abnormalities and disorders

25
Q

25.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Transmits hereditary info

traits make proteins and control cell activity

26
Q

26.

What are the 3 key components of nucleic acids?

A
  1. A phosphate
  2. A sugar
  3. A nitrogenous base
    - Purines: Guanine and Adenine
    - Pyrimidines-Cytosine, Thymine, And Uracil
27
Q

27.

Of the nitrogenous bases, which are purines and which are Pyrimidines?

A

Purines: Guanine and adenine

Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine and Uracil

28
Q

28.

Compare DNA and RNA

A 
DNA: 
Has sugar 
Deoxyribose 
Double stranded molecules 
responsible for storing and transforming genetic info 
Has thymine and no Uracil 
can’t leave nucleus
RNA 
has sugar ribose 
Single stranded molecule
Directly codes for amine acids 
Acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make protein 
Small segment of Uracil 
Can leave Nucleus

Both
Both carry genetic info

29
Q

29.

Be able to complete DNA chains when given one side of them

A

You got this :D

30
Q

30.

Briefly describe the process of DNA replication

A

Protein binds to origin on DNA

Hydrogen bonds are broken, so the double helix “unzips” several points along the chain

DNA polymerase (complex enzyme) bonds to the separated parent chains

Enzyme moves along the chain and bonds proper new nucleotide to the parent chain

31
Q

31.

What is the result of DNA replication?

A

End result is two new DNA molecules that should be exact replicas of the parent. Each new DNA molecule has half of a parent DNA strand

32
Q

32.

What is transcription and why is it necessary?

A

Transcription:
The process of making RNA from DNA

it’s necessary because DNA is to big to get out of the nucleus so RNA is made (transcription) to get the message out to the cytoplasm for translation

33
Q

33.

Briefly describe how transcription happens

A
  1. RNA polymerase bonds with DNA @ promoter site
  2. RNA polymerase move along one strand
  3. Nucleotides bonds with DNA
  4. RNA polymerase moves past the site on the DNA, RNA strand detached at that point and the 2 strands of DNA join

Moves along adding nucleotides until it reaches end of segment

34
Q

34.

What are some of the results of transcription?

A

a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -> makes ribosomes

35
Q

35.

What is translation and why is it needed?

A

Translation:
The assembly of amino acids to form proteins

Needed to make proteins

36
Q

36.

Briefly describe the process of translation?

A
  1. Ribosome attaches to mRNA
  2. tRNA attaches to corresponding codon on mRNA
  3. 2nd tRNA comes in, amino acids connect
  4. 1st tRNA leaves
  5. Process continues until a stop codon is reached
  6. Results in new protein
37
Q

37.

Where do replication, transcription, and translation take place in a cell?

A

Translation:
Outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm
Transcription: nucleus
Replication: Nucleus

38
Q

38.

What is the purpose of the proteins that are created through the translation process

A

To perform the functions of the cell so our body works

39
Q

39.

Be able to complete the process from DNA to proteins

A

On page

40
Q

40.

What is gene expression and why is it needed

A

Gene expression:
Process that allows for the appearance of that gene encodes (brown hair)

Allows genes to be made and for them to be used

Need because not all cells need to do everything ex. Skins cells don’t need to be muscle cells

41
Q

41.

Name and describe two methods that alter the expression of genes

A
  1. Transcriptional methods->
    Changes when a gene is transcribed. Makes RNA happen more or less
  2. Protein Controls->
    Body will make proteins activate or not. Folding or unfolding of protein
42
Q

42.

What are the 3 epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression

A

DNA methylation:
Enzymes attach methyl groups to DNA

Often attached at the start of a gene

Methylation usually “turns off” a gene b/c the methyl groups prevents the protein from attaching

Acetyl groups: tends to activate genes

Chromatin modification: chemicals attach to a Justine causing it to unwrap which allows transcription

43
Q

43

Which method tends to turn “on” or “off” the genes? How is it done?

A

DNA methylation turn off the genes

Acidic groups turn on the genes

44
Q

44.

State 2 causes of epigenetic changes

A

Exercise and alcohol

45
Q

45.

What are homeobox genes?

A

Homeobox genes:
A group of genes that allow for proteins to be made that act as a transcription factor. This means they bind to and control others genes

46
Q

46.

An example of homeobox genes are HOX genes. What do these genes do to act as epigenetic factors in the cell?

A

They create proteins that act as tags on a gene so it is transcribed

47
Q

47.

Describe the 3 different gene mutations

A
  1. Deletion: a nucleotide is left out
  2. Insertion: a nucleotide is added
  3. Point Mutation:
    one amino acid is substituted for another. The protein is usually functional
48
Q

48.

Why are insertions and deletions often fatal?

A

When you put in a Nucleotide it shifts the rest of the DNA molecule

and so many amino acids are changed

49
Q

49.

State 2 causes of DNA mutations

A

Ultra violet radiation

Cigarettes

Biology 30 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions