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SCIENCE > Chapter 1 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structures in the nucleus. Composed of DNA and proteins; contains the genetic information in the form of genes

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2
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

A pair of bases that can join to make the rings of the DNA ladder— adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

A nucleus acid with deoxyribose sugar and phosphate as the backbone; the molecule that determines the genetic characteristics of most living things

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4
Q

Deoxyribose Sugar

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

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5
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic

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6
Q

Nitrogen-rich Base

A

Part of a nucleotide; the four types are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

The building blocks of DNA

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8
Q

Phosphate Group

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

All the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The point on a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined together

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the strands of a chromosome following replication

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12
Q

Diploid Number

A

The number of chromosomes in body cells; two sets or 2N

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13
Q

Haploid Number

A

The number of chromosomes in gametes; one set or N

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14
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with genes for particular characteristics at the same location

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

The type of cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

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17
Q

Replication

A

The process of making copies of DNA

18
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; in humans they are the X and Y chromosomes

19
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

20
Q

Dominant

A

The characteristic that is expressed in the homozygous condition

21
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic information carried by an individual

22
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles on homologous chromosomes

23
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles on homologous chromosomes

24
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Where the appearance of a heterozygous individual results from a ‘blending’ of the two alleles because one allele is not completely dominant over the other

25
Q

Mutation

A

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the bad sequence

26
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of the individual; the way the genotype is expressed

27
Q

Pure Breeding

A

Where all individuals have the same genetic information for a characteristic generation after generation

28
Q

Recessive

A

The characteristic that remains hidden in the homozygous condition

29
Q

Sex-linked Genes

A

Genes present on the sex Chromosomes

30
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

Cells that can make certain types of body cells

31
Q

Differentiate

A

Become different from others

32
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Cells found in the embryo that are capable of becoming any cell type found in the body of a complex organism

33
Q

Gene Splicing

A

The process used to add a gene into or remove genes from DNA

34
Q

Gene Therapy

A

The process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene

35
Q

Genetically Modified

A

Having the genes changed

36
Q

Genome

A

The genetic information carried by a haploid set of chromosomes

37
Q

Human Genome Project

A

An international project that aims to identify all the human genes and determine the sequence of the base pairs that make up human chromosomes

38
Q

Induced Pluripotent Skin Cells (iPSCs)

A

Mature cells that have been induced to revert to their pluripotent (capable of becoming any type of human cell) state

39
Q

Plasmid

A

Ring of DNA found in bacteria

40
Q

Pluripotent

A

Capable of becoming any one of the 220 different cell types found in the human body

41
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A

Technology that allows DNA to be recombined with other genes

42
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

Differences of only one base between one human and another

SCIENCE (5 decks)

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