Chapter 1 - Genetics

Question 1

Chromosomes

Answer 1

Thread-like structures in the nucleus. Composed of DNA and proteins; contains the genetic information in the form of genes

Question 2

Complementary Base Pairs

Answer 2

A pair of bases that can join to make the rings of the DNA ladder— adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

Question 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 3

A nucleus acid with deoxyribose sugar and phosphate as the backbone; the molecule that determines the genetic characteristics of most living things

Question 4

Deoxyribose Sugar

Answer 4

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

A section of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic

Question 6

Nitrogen-rich Base

Answer 6

Part of a nucleotide; the four types are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

Question 7

Nucleotides

Answer 7

The building blocks of DNA

Question 8

Phosphate Group

Answer 8

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

Question 9

Autosomes

Answer 9

All the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes

Question 10

Centromere

Answer 10

The point on a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined together

Question 11

Chromatid

Answer 11

One of the strands of a chromosome following replication

Question 12

Diploid Number

Answer 12

The number of chromosomes in body cells; two sets or 2N

Question 13

Haploid Number

Answer 13

The number of chromosomes in gametes; one set or N

Question 14

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 14

Chromosomes with genes for particular characteristics at the same location

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

The type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Question 16

Mitosis

Answer 16

The type of cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

Question 17

Replication

Answer 17

The process of making copies of DNA

Question 18

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 18

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; in humans they are the X and Y chromosomes

Question 19

Alleles

Answer 19

Different forms of the same gene

Question 20

Dominant

Answer 20

The characteristic that is expressed in the homozygous condition

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

Genetic information carried by an individual

Question 22

Heterozygous

Answer 22

Having two different alleles on homologous chromosomes

Question 23

Homozygous

Answer 23

Having two identical alleles on homologous chromosomes

Question 24

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 24

Where the appearance of a heterozygous individual results from a ‘blending’ of the two alleles because one allele is not completely dominant over the other

Question 25

Mutation

Answer 25

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the bad sequence

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

Observable characteristics of the individual; the way the genotype is expressed

Question 27

Pure Breeding

Answer 27

Where all individuals have the same genetic information for a characteristic generation after generation

Question 28

Recessive

Answer 28

The characteristic that remains hidden in the homozygous condition

Question 29

Sex-linked Genes

Answer 29

Genes present on the sex Chromosomes

Question 30

Adult Stem Cells

Answer 30

Cells that can make certain types of body cells

Question 31

Differentiate

Answer 31

Become different from others

Question 32

Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 32

Cells found in the embryo that are capable of becoming any cell type found in the body of a complex organism

Question 33

Gene Splicing

Answer 33

The process used to add a gene into or remove genes from DNA

Question 34

Gene Therapy

Answer 34

The process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene

Question 35

Genetically Modified

Answer 35

Having the genes changed

Question 36

Genome

Answer 36

The genetic information carried by a haploid set of chromosomes

Question 37

Human Genome Project

Answer 37

An international project that aims to identify all the human genes and determine the sequence of the base pairs that make up human chromosomes

Question 38

Induced Pluripotent Skin Cells (iPSCs)

Answer 38

Mature cells that have been induced to revert to their pluripotent (capable of becoming any type of human cell) state

Question 39

Plasmid

Answer 39

Ring of DNA found in bacteria

Question 40

Pluripotent

Answer 40

Capable of becoming any one of the 220 different cell types found in the human body

Question 41

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 41

Technology that allows DNA to be recombined with other genes

Question 42

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Answer 42

Differences of only one base between one human and another