chapter 1: formalism Flashcards
In the formalist view, literature doesn’t convey any clear or paraphrasable message; it rather communicates what is otherwise……………
(fallible-ineffable)
ineffable
The formalists and the futurists were active in the fierce debates of this area concerning art and its…………with ideology.
(connections-infections)
connections
The new critics were more concerned with the………of close reading of individual texts.
(theory-practice)
practice
Russian formalism as a school was……….with the rise of Stalin and the official Soviet aesthetic of socialist realism, its influence was transmitted through figures such as Jacobson and Tzvetan Todorov.
(eclipsed-elapsed)
eclipsed
It is in art as technique that Shklovsky introduces one of the central aspects of Russian formalism: that of…………
(familiarization-defamiliarization)
defamiliarization
Shklovsky quotes Tolstoy as saying that ‘‘whole complex of lives people go on……….,such lives are as if they had never been’’.
(consciously-unconsciously)
unconsciously
It is against this background of ordinary perception in general that art assumes its…………
(significance-insignificance)
significance
Shklovsky even goes to say that the meaning of a work of art broadens to the extent that artfulness……….
(diminishes-admonishes)
diminishes
Shkolovsky claims that art’s purpose is not to make us perceive meaning but to create a specific perception of the object.
(true or false)
true
Shlovsky’s formalism can possibly accommodate cultural change and the relative status of…………innovation.
(radical-medical)
radical
It is formalism’s insistence on ‘‘the………study which comprised its most significant quarrel with the old tradition’’
(empirical-historical)
empirical
The chief characteristics of the formalists, says Eichenbaum ‘‘their…………of all ready made aesthetics and general theories’’.
(rejection-injection)
rejection
According to Eichenbaum, the formalists were aware that ‘‘history demanded a really………..attitude.
(revolutionary-evolutionary)
revolutionary
In impugning previous approaches to literature, says Eichenbaum, the formalists sought to isolate the study of literature ‘‘secondary, incidental features’’ that might belong to philosophy, psychology, or history.
(true or false)
true
Einchenbaum points out that the fundamental formalist distinction between poetic and practical language led to the……………of a whole group of basic questions.
(formulation-instigation)
formulation
The next phase of formalist studies, as Eichenbaum explains, attempted to move towards a general theory of verse and the study of narrative plot and specific techniques. (true or false)
true
Techniques of plot construction, according to the formalists, included parallelism,………., and the weaving motifs.
(framing-forming)
framing
The formalist, Sklovsky, rejected…….accounts of the evolution of literary form.
(conventional-intentional)
conventional
While formalist analysis in principle reject the isolation of the literary artifact, their invocation of history is confined to the history of literary form. (true or false)
true
Eichenbaum observes that the formalists insisted upon a clear……………between poetry and prose.
(demarcation-meditation)
demarcation
As against the broad histories of the Russian academics and the effective rejection of history by the symbolists, the formalists adopted a new understanding of literary history which rejected the idea of some overall unity, coherence, and purpose.
(true or false)
true
The formalists saw literary tradition as involving struggle,……….of old values, and competition between various schools.
(destruction-instruction)
destruction
The formalists insisted that literary……………..had a distinctive character and that it ‘‘stood alone, quite independent of other aspects of culture’’
(evolution-revolution)
evolution
Eichenbaum provides a useful and……….summary of the……..of the formalists’ method.
(provocative/evolution-volcanic/revolution)
provocative/evolution
Bakhtin’s writings were produced at a time of momentous…………..in Russia.
(upheavals-heavings)
upheavals
Bakhtin was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment for alleged…….with the underground Russian Orthodox Church; mercifully, the sentence was commuted to six years’ exile in kazakhstan.
(affiliation-appropriation)
affiliation
Bakhtin’s major achievements include the………of an innovative and radical philosophy of language as well as a comprehensive ‘‘theory’’ of the novel.
(formulation-identification)
formulation
Bakhtin insists that form and content in discourse ‘‘are one’’. (true or false)
false
It quickly becomes apparent that Bakhitan’s view of the novel is dependent upon his broader view of the nature of language as………..
(dialogic-illogic)
illogic
Bakhtin has a further, profounder explanation of the concept of…………..
(dialogism-symbolism)
dialogism
Bakhtin sees traditional stylistics as……………for analyzing the novel precisely.
(inadequate-adequate)
inadequate
Bakhtin’s essential point is that such a………language is not real but merely posited by linguistics.
(unitary-military)
unitary
According to Bakhtin, the dialectic between the…………..force of unity and the centrifugal forces of dispersion is a constituting characteristic of language.
(centrifugal-centripetal)
centrifugal
What Bakhtin appears to be saying is that the clash of different………….within a word is part of a broader conflict.
(significations-classifications)
significations
Bakhtin acknowledges that in actual poetic works, it is possible to find ‘‘features fundamental to……….’’
(prose-poetry)
prose
What is interesting is that for Bakhtin, the ideological valence of any position is intrinsically tied to………..the characteristics of language deployed.
(particular-general)
particular
Jacobson insists that ‘‘literary criticism’’, which often evaluates literature in………..terms, must be distinguished from ‘‘literary studies’’.
(subjective-objective)
subjective
The three functions of language so for mentioned by Jacobson referential, emotive, and………….belong to the traditional model as formulated by the German psychologist Karl Buhler.
(cognitive-conative)
conative
Jacobson’s essay ‘‘Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances’’ suggests that language has a………structure.
(bipolar-popular)
bipolar
Jacobson notes that the………..of metaphor in literary Romanticism and Symbolism had been widely acknowledged.
(primacy-primary)
primacy
Ransom insists on the………uniqueness of poetry, as distinct from prose and other uses of language, as in prose.
(ontological-ideological)
ontological
Bakhtin is perhaps best known for his……….philosophy of language.
(radical-medical)
radical
