Chapter 1 final

Question 1

Four Main tasks of the immune system

Answer 1

Recognition (detection)
Effector Functions (elimination)
Regulation (controlled response)
Memory (protection)

Question 2

3 forms of recognition

Answer 2

pathogens, self v non-self, danger

Question 3

Effector functions

Answer 3

Response to recognition via complement, antibodies, cytotoxic cells; Elimination or neutralization of non-self; have exogenous and endogenous targets

Question 4

exogenous targets

Answer 4

microbes, allergens

Question 5

endogenous targets

Answer 5

tumors

Question 6

functions of regulation

Answer 6

avoid autoimmunity, avoid hypersensitivities

Question 7

functions of imm memory

Answer 7

basis for natural protection and vaccines

Question 8

is protective immunity immediate or does it take time

Answer 8

takes time. its why new pathogens are so much more deadly

Question 9

What is greatest achievement in the field of immunology?

Answer 9

vaccines

Question 10

first vaccine- who and what?

Answer 10

Dr Edward Jenner in the late 18th century was 1st to use a vaccine made up of a related less pathogenic virus (Cow pox) to vaccinate against small pox. Last natural small pox- 1977

Question 11

Who was Benjamin Waterhouse

Answer 11

promoted vaccines in the US

Question 12

Who was Andrew Wakefield

Answer 12

said MMR vaccine caused autism

Question 13

Polio

Answer 13

FDR, iron lungs

Question 14

3 lessons from vaccines

Answer 14

exposure produces protection, gain specific immunity, large diversity of pathogens

Question 15

4 Important concepts in Immunology

Answer 15

memory
specificity
diversity
self v nonself

Question 16

Pathogens

Answer 16

Micro-organisms (infectious organisms) that cause disease. They can be known infectious agents or ones that normally colonize the body.

Question 17

microbiota

Answer 17

The community of micro-organisms that our bodies contain / commensal species of micro-organisms, which live primarily in the gut and on the skin.

Question 18

Commensal micororganisms

Answer 18

Most commensal species are benign or beneficial. We have co-evolved to take advantage of beneficial relationships. They aid in human nutrition by helping with digestion and making vitamins. They also block colonization by pathogenic organisms

Question 19

Effect of antibiotics on commensal bacteria

Answer 19

antibiotics can kill commensal bacteria in the gut and allow for pathogenic bacteria to take over.

Question 20

4 classes of pathogens

Answer 20

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

Question 21

Emerging pathogens have higher mortality rates because…

Answer 21

• they have not adapted to their host yet- pathogens dont want to kill their hose
• the host has no adapted to them yet, they have no defense against the pathogen

Question 22

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 22

Microorganisms that normally do not cause disease. They cause illness (disease) if body’s defenses are weakened (immunocompromised person) or if they get into ”wrong” place (immunologically privileged sites, or gut pathogens leaking into the blood)

Question 23

3 levels of defense against infection

Answer 23

1) barrier function- skin and mucosal surfaces
2) innate imm response
3) adaptive imm response

Question 24

Epithelium

Answer 24

impenetrable barrier (physical)

Question 25

Mucosal surfaces (mucosae)

Answer 25

epithelial lining (continuous with skin) of respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts; Continually bathed in mucus that they secrete; Mucus is a thick substance made up of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and enzymes

Question 26

All epithelial surfaces secrete…

Answer 26

antimicrobial substances (peptides, enzymes etc.,); Tears and saliva contain the enzyme lysozyme which dissolves the cell wall of bacteria

Question 27

3 types of defenses barriers have

Answer 27

mechanical- flow of fluid, cells joined by tight junctions
chemical- defensins, enzymes, etc
microbiological- normal flora

Question 28

innate vs adaptive imm

Answer 28

innate
- Physical and chemical barriers; White blood cells such as phagocytic macrophages, neutrophils; Rapid response minutes, hours; Ancient system plants, animals
adaptive
-Lymphocytes with specialized receptors; Specificity and diversity; Requires days to develop; Memory

Question 29

Inflammation is caused by the ___ imm response

Answer 29

innate

Question 30

2 phases of innate immune resonse

Answer 30

1) recognition- via PAMPs and then marked nonspecifically with complements
2) recruitment of effector cells that destroy the pathogen

Question 31

Complement

Answer 31

a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody, leading to a cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of pathogens and generates active components with various effector functions

Question 32

stages of complements

Answer 32

1) bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement
2) one complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacterial, the other attracts an effector cells
3) The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium
4) the effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills it and breaks it down

Question 33

5 hallmarks of inflammation

Answer 33

heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Question 34

2 major inflammatory cells

Answer 34

neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (tissue)

Question 35

clonal selection

Answer 35

start out with many lymphocytes with different specificity-> Only those lymphocytes that recognize the pathogen expand and differentiate into effector cells